Original Linden jizhi club　

introduction

The spread of false information has posed a considerable threat to public health and the successful control of global epidemics. Studies have found that exposure to false information may reduce the willingness to vaccinate and comply with public health guidelines. The review paper published in Nature Medicine on March 10th summarized three key directions of information Infodemic: susceptibility, transmission and immunity. It is found that although people will be deceived by false information because of negligence of information accuracy, social and political beliefs and identity structure will also affect whether it is easy to believe false information. This paper further discusses the spread of false information in social networks, and the measures to improve psychological immunity against false information. Sander van der Linden is a professor of psychology at Cambridge University, UK. His research field is social and public psychology. This paper is a full-text translation of the thesis.

Research fields: information epidemic, network communication model, false information, COVID-19 rumors, psychological prevention.

Sander van der Linden | Author

Guo Ruidong | translator

Liu Zhihang and Liang Jin | Review

Deng Yixue | Editor

Thesis title:

Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01713-6

catalogue

abstract

Introduction to false information research

I. Susceptibility

Second, communication

Third, immunity

summary

abstract

The spread of false information has posed a considerable threat to public health and the successful control of global epidemics. Studies have found that exposure to false information may reduce the willingness to vaccinate and comply with public health guidelines. The recent review paper of Nature Medicine summarizes three key directions of information Infodemic: susceptibility, transmission and immunity. Existing research has evaluated the following three questions: why some people are more susceptible to false information, how false information spreads in online social networks, and what intervention measures can help improve psychological immunity to false information. This paper discusses the significance of existing research to stop the information epidemic.

Introduction to false information research

At the beginning of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the world was falling into an information Infodemic. The information epidemic is characterized by information overload, especially full of false and misleading information. Although researchers have discussed the impact of fake news on major social events (such as political elections), the spread of false information is more likely to cause significant harm to public health, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, studies in different countries/regions show that supporting COVID-19’s false information is closely related to people’s unwillingness to follow public health guidelines [4,5,6,7], reduce vaccination and recommend vaccines to others. Experimental evidence shows that exposure to false information about vaccination will reduce the willingness of those who claim that they "will definitely accept the vaccine" by about 6%, thus weakening the group immune potential of the vaccine [8]. The analysis of social network data estimates that if there is no intervention, anti-vaccination content on social platforms such as Facebook will dominate in the next decade. Other studies have found that exposure to false information about COVID-19 is related to the increased tendency to ingest harmful substances and participate in violence. Of course, long before the COVID-19 pandemic, false information had already posed a threat to public health. The connection between the exposed MMR vaccine and autism is related to the significant decline in vaccination coverage in the UK. Listerine manufacturers lied that their mouthwash can cure the common cold for decades.False information about tobacco products has influenced people’s attitudes towards smoking. In 2014, the Ebola clinic in Liberia was attacked because people mistakenly thought that the virus was part of a government conspiracy.

In view of the unprecedented scale and speed of the spread of false information on the Internet, researchers are increasingly relying on epidemiological models to understand the spread of false news. In these models, the key focus is the reproductive number (R0)-in other words, the number of people who start publishing fake news (i.e. regenerative cases) after contacting people who have published false information (infectious individuals). Therefore, it is helpful to imagine false information as a viral pathogen, which can infect the host and spread rapidly from one person to another in a given network without physical contact. One advantage of this epidemiological method is that an early detection system can be designed to identify super communicators, so that intervention measures can be deployed in time to curb the spread of viral false information [18].

This review will provide readers with a conceptual overview of the latest literature on false information and a research agenda (Box 1), which includes three main theoretical dimensions consistent with virus analogy: susceptibility, transmission and immunity.

Box1 Future research agenda and suggestions

Research question 1: What factors make people easily misled by false information?

Better combine the accuracy drive with social, political and cultural motives to explain people’s susceptibility to wrong information.

Define, develop and validate standardized tools for assessing susceptibility to false information in general and specific fields.

Research Question 2: How does false information spread in social networks?

Draw a clearer outline of the conditions to what extent "exposure" leads to "infection", including the influence of repeated exposure, the positioning of local audience of fake news on social media, the contact with super communicators, the role of echo chamber, and the structure of social network itself.

By (1) capturing more different types of false information, and (2) linking different types of fake news risks on traditional and social media platforms, we can provide more accurate risk estimation of false information exposure at the population level.

Research question 3: Can we take measures for people or protect them from false information?

Focus on evaluating the relative effectiveness of different debunking methods in this field, and how to combine debunking (therapeutic) with preventive intervention measures to maximize its protection performance.

Modeling and evaluating how psychological inoculation (intervention) methods spread on the Internet and affect the sharing behavior on social media and in the real world.

Before reviewing the existing literature to help answer these questions, it is necessary to briefly discuss the meaning of the word "misinformation", because inconsistent definitions not only affect the conceptualization of research design, but also affect the nature and effectiveness of key outcome measurement. In fact, false information is called an all-encompassing concept [20], not only because of different definitions, but also because the behavioral consequences to public health may vary according to the types of false information. The word "fake news" is often considered problematic because it does not fully describe all kinds of false information, and it has become a politicized rhetorical device. Box 2 discusses the different academic definitions of false information in more detail, but for the purpose of this review, I will simply define false information in the broadest possible sense: "false or misleading information disguised as legitimate news", regardless of its intention. Although false information is usually different from false information, because it involves obvious intention to deceive or hurt others, and the intention may be difficult to determine, so in this review, my handling of false information will cover both intentional and unintentional forms of false information.

The Challenge of Box2 in Defining and Manipulating False Information

One of the most frequently cited definitions of false information is "fabricated information that imitates the content of news media in form, but does not imitate it in organizational process or intention" [119]. This definition means that the important factor that determines whether a story is false information is the news or editing process. Other definitions also reflect similar views, that is, producers of false information do not abide by editing norms, and the defining attribute of "falsity" occurs at the publisher level, not at the story level. However, others hold a completely different view, and they define false information either from the perspective of the authenticity of the content or from the perspective of whether there are common technologies used to make the content [109].

It can be said that some definitions are too narrow, because news reports do not need to be completely wrong to be misleading. A very prominent example comes from the Chicago Tribune, a widely trusted media, which republished an article entitled "A healthy doctor died two weeks after COVID-19 vaccine injection" in January 2021. This story will not be classified as false because of its source or content, because these events are true when considered separately. However, at the time of publication, there is no evidence to prove this causal relationship, so it is extremely misleading and even considered immoral to think that the doctor died because he was injected with COVID-19 vaccine. This is an unremarkable example. In early 2021, it was viewed more than 50 million times on Facebook [121].

Another potential challenge to the definition based on content is that when the consensus of experts on a public health problem is rapidly formed and influenced by uncertainty and change, the definition of what may be true or false may change over time, making the oversimplified classification of "true" and "false" a potentially unstable attribute. For example, although the news media initially claimed that ibuprofen would add symptoms of re-crown, this statement was later withdrawn as more evidence appeared. The problem is that researchers often ask people whether they can accurately or reliably identify a series of true or false news headlines, which are either created by researchers according to different definitions of false information or screened by them.

There are also differences in the measurement of the results; Sometimes, the relevant result measurement standard is the susceptibility of false information, and sometimes it is the difference between true and false news detection, or the so-called "truth recognition". The only existing tool to use the title set verified by psychometrics is the recent "false information susceptibility test", which is a measurement method for news authenticity recognition and standardized according to the test group. On the whole, this means that hundreds of new special studies on false information are emerging, and the results are not standardized and not always easy to compare.

I. Susceptibility

Although people use many cognitive heuristics to judge the truth of a claim (for example, the credibility of the perceived source), there is a particularly prominent discovery that can help explain why people are easily influenced by false information. This discovery is called the "illusory truth effect": repeated assertions are more likely to be judged as true than non-repeated (or novel) assertions. Because mass media, politicians and social media influencers often repeat many false facts, the credibility of illusory truth has greatly increased. For example, the conspiracy theory that Covid-19 was made by bioengineering in a military laboratory in Wuhan, China, and the false statement that "COVID-19 is no worse than the flu" have repeatedly appeared in the media. People tend to think that repeated claims are correct. The main cognitive mechanism is called processing fluency: the more a claim is repeated, the more familiar it becomes and the easier it is to deal with. In other words, the brain uses fluency as a signal to show the truth. The research shows that: (1) prior contact with fake news will increase its perceived accuracy; (2) For specious claims, illusory truth may appear; (3) Transcendental knowledge may not protect people from illusory truth; (4) Unreal truth does not seem to be influenced by the way of thinking, such as analytical or intuitive reasoning.

Although illusory truth can affect everyone, research shows that some people are still more susceptible to false information than others. For example, some common findings include the observation that the elderly are more susceptible to fake news, which may be caused by factors such as cognitive decline and unfamiliarity with digital technology, although there are exceptions: facing COVID-19, the elderly seem unlikely to recognize false information. Those with more extreme and right-wing political tendencies have always shown that they are more susceptible to false information, even if it is non-political. However, in different cultural backgrounds, the connection between ideology and being misled is not always consistent. Other factors, such as higher numerical operation ability, cognitive and analytical thinking mode [36,40,41], are negatively related to the susceptibility to false information, although other scholars have identified partisanship as a potential regulatory factor [42,43,44]. In fact, these individual differences lead to two competing overall theoretical explanations of why people are easily misled. The first theory is usually called the classic "negligence" (inattention) theory; The second theory is usually called "identity protection" or "motivational cognition" theory. I will discuss the new evidence of these two theories in turn.

1.1 negligence explanation

Inattention account or classical reasoning theory holds that people are committed to sharing accurate content, but the social media environment will distract people’s attention and make them unable to make a decision to share news according to their preference for accuracy. For example, considering that people are often bombarded by online news content, most of which are emotional and political, and people have limited time and resources to think about the authenticity of a news, it may seriously interfere with their ability to accurately analyze these contents. The explanation of inattention draws lessons from the dual-process theory of human cognition, that is, people rely on two essentially different reasoning processes. They are system 1, which is mainly automatic, associative and intuitive, and system 2, which is more reflective, analytical and thoughtful. A typical example is the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), which gives a series of difficult problems. When faced with these difficult problems, people’s intuition or first answer is often wrong, and the correct answer requires people to stop and think more carefully. The basic point is that activating more analytical system type 2 reasoning can transcend the wrong system type 1 intuition. The evidence of negligent explanation comes from the fact that those who scored higher on CRT tests [36,41], those with stronger thinking ability [48] and those with stronger mathematical ability [4],People with higher knowledge and education [37,49] can better distinguish between true and false news [36] regardless of whether the news content is consistent politically. In addition, experimental intervention measures enable people to better think analytically or consider the accuracy of news content [50,51]. It has been proved that these measures can improve people’s decision-making quality of sharing news and reduce people’s acceptance of conspiracy theories [52].

1.2 Motivation reasoning explanation

In sharp contrast to negligence, the theory of (political) motivation reasoning [53,54,55] holds that lack of information or reflective reasoning is not the main driving force for susceptibility to false information. Motivational reasoning occurs when a person starts the reasoning process with a predetermined goal (for example, someone may want to believe that the vaccine is unsafe because their family members share this belief), so the individual will interpret new (false) information to achieve that goal. Therefore, the motivated reasoning account holds that people’s loyalty to groups that have affinity with them is the reason why they selectively approve media content that can strengthen deep-rooted political, religious or social identity. There are several variants of politically motivated reasoning, but the basic premise is that people pay attention not only to the accuracy of news content, but also to the goals that this information may serve. For example, when a fake news happens to provide positive information about someone’s political group or negative information about a political opponent, the news will be regarded as more credible. A more extreme and scientifically controversial version of this model, also known as "motivated numeracy" [59], shows more reflection and analysis, that is, the reasoning ability of System 2 can’t help people make more accurate assessments, but in fact it is often hijacked to serve identity-based reasoning.The evidence of this statement comes from the fact that on controversial scientific issues, such as climate change [60] or stem cell research [61], people with the highest computing ability and education level have the greatest differences. Experiments also show that when people are asked to make causal inferences about a data problem (such as the benefits of a new rash treatment), people with strong computing skills perform better on non-political issues. In contrast, when the same data is presented as a new research result of gun control, people become more extreme and inaccurate. These patterns are more obvious in people with higher computing power. Other studies have found that politically conservative individuals are more likely to (wrongly) judge false information from conservative media than from free media, and vice versa for political liberals-which highlights the key role of politics in distinguishing the truth from the false information [62].

1.3 Susceptibility: Limitations and Future Research

It is worth mentioning that both of these statements are facing great criticism and restrictions. For example, the independent replication experiment of intervention measures aimed at improving accuracy revealed different results [63], and questioned the conceptualization of partisan bias in these studies [43], including the possibility that the intervention effect was influenced by people’s political identity [44]. On the other hand, there are several failed and inconsistent repeated experiments in motivation reasoning theory [64,65,66]. For example, a national representative large-scale study in the United States shows that although the polarization of global warming among party members with the highest education level at the baseline level is indeed the most serious, by emphasizing the scientific consensus on global warming [66], experimental intervention measures offset or even reverse this influence. These findings lead to a greater confusion. In the literature of motivational reasoning, partisanship may only be due to selective contact, not motivational reasoning [66,67,68]. This is because the role of politics is confused with people’s previous beliefs. Although people are polarized on many issues, it does not mean that they are unwilling to update their (misguided) beliefs based on evidence. In addition, people may refuse to update their beliefs, not because they refuse the motivation reasoning of information, but simply because they think that the information is not credible, or because they ignore the authenticity of the information source or the content itself. This "equivalence paradox"[69] makes it difficult for us to separate the accuracy from the preference based on motivation.

Therefore, future research should not only carefully manipulate people’s motivation to deal with politically inconsistent (false) information, but also provide a more comprehensive theoretical explanation of the susceptibility to false information. For example, for political fake news, identity motivation may be more prominent; However, mechanisms such as lack of knowledge, negligence or confusion are more likely to play a role in dealing with false information about depoliticized issues (such as lies about treating the common cold). Of course, public health issues such as Covid-19 may be politicized relatively quickly. In this case, the importance of motivational reasoning in aggravating the susceptibility to false information may increase. Accuracy preference and motivation reasoning often conflict. For example, people may understand that a news story is unlikely to be true, but if false information promotes the goals of their social groups, they may be more inclined to give up their desire for accuracy and pursue motives that conform to their community norms. In other words, in any particular context, the importance people attach to accuracy and social goals will determine how and when they update their beliefs based on false information. When explaining why people are easily influenced by false information, paying attention to the interaction between accuracy and social and political goals can gain many benefits.

Second, communication

2.1 Measuring the information epidemic

Back to the analogy with viruses, researchers adopted epidemiological models, such as susceptibility-infection-rehabilitation (SIR) model, to measure and quantify the spread of false information in online social networks. In this case, R0 often represents those who start publishing fake news after contacting people who have been infected. When R0 is greater than 1, false information will increase exponentially and spread to form an information epidemic. When R0 is less than 1, the information epidemic will eventually die out. The analysis of social media platforms shows that all these platforms are likely to promote the spread of similar information epidemics, but some platforms are more likely than others. For example, research on Twitter found that fake news is 70% more likely to be shared than real news, and it takes six times as long for real news to spread to 1,500 people. Although fake news spreads faster and deeper than real news, it must be emphasized that these findings are based on a relatively narrow definition of news after fact checking. Recent studies have pointed out that these estimates are likely to be related to the platform.

More importantly, some studies have shown that fake news usually represents only a small part of all media consumption, and the spread of false information on social media is highly distorted. A small number of accounts are responsible for sharing and consuming most of the content, and these accounts are also called "super sharers" and "super consumers" [3,24,73]. Although most of these studies came from the political field, they also found very similar results in the context of COVID-19’s popularity. During this period, the super communicators on Twitter and Facebook had a great influence on the platform. One of the main problems is the existence of echo chamber, in which the flow of information is often systematically biased towards like-minded people. Although the infection of echo chamber is controversial, the research shows that the existence of this polarized group encourages the spread of false information and hinders the spread of error correction information.

2.2 Contact does not mean infection.

Contact estimation based on social media data is often inconsistent with people’s self-reported experiences. According to different opinion polls, more than one third of people report frequent contact with false information (if not daily contact). Of course, the effectiveness of people’s self-reported experiences may be different, but it raises the question of the accuracy of contact estimation, which is often based on limited public data and may be sensitive to model assumptions. In addition, a key factor to consider here is that contact does not mean persuasion (or "infection"). For example, the study of news headlines in COVID-19 shows that people’s judgment on the authenticity of headlines has little influence on their sharing intention. Therefore, people may choose to share false information for reasons other than accuracy. For example, a recent study found that people often share content that looks "if it is really interesting". This study shows that although people think fake news is not accurate enough, they think fake news is more interesting than real news, so they are willing to share it.

2.3 Communication: Limitations and Future Research

The research on "communication" faces great limitations, including the key gap in knowledge. People are skeptical about the ratio from contact with false information to beginning to truly believe false information, because the research on media and persuasion effect shows that it is difficult to convince people with traditional advertisements. However, the existing research often uses artificial laboratory designs, which may not fully represent the decision-making environment for people to make news sharing. For example, studies often test whether false information from different societies and traditional media spreads after one-time contact with a single information. Therefore, we need to better understand the frequency and intensity of contact with false information that eventually leads to persuasion. Most studies also rely on publicly available data shared or clicked by people, but people may be exposed to more information and more influenced by information when scrolling social media streams. In addition, fake news is usually conceptualized as a URL list that is verified to be true or false by facts, but this type of fake news only represents a small part of false information; People may be more likely to encounter misleading or manipulative content than obvious false content. Finally, micro-targeting efforts will greatly improve the ability of false information makers to identify and lock in the most easily persuaded individual subgroups [83]. In short, more research is needed to draw an accurate and effective conclusion on the possibility of infection (that is, persuasion) caused by horizontal exposure to false information.

Third, immunity

A rapidly emerging research direction is to evaluate the possibility of protecting the public from false information at the cognitive level. I will classify these studies according to whether their application is mainly prevention (pre-exposure) or treatment (post-exposure).

3.1 Treatment: fact checking and revealing the truth.

Traditional and standard methods to deal with false information usually include correcting lies after people have been persuaded by a piece of false information. For example, revealing false information about autism intervention measures has been proved to be effective in reducing support for treatments without evidence support (such as dieting) [84]. Access to the court-mandated corrective advertisements on the link between smoking and diseases in the tobacco industry [85] can increase knowledge and reduce misunderstandings about smoking. In a randomized controlled trial, a video effectively debunks several misunderstandings about vaccination and reduces some influential misunderstandings, such as the misconceptions that vaccines can cause autism or reduce the strength of the natural immune system. Meta-analysis unanimously found that the intervention measures of fact checking and revealing the truth are effective, including cracking down on false information that is harmful to health on social media.

However, not all medical misunderstandings can be corrected equally. In fact, these analyses also point out that the effectiveness of intervention will decline significantly with the following factors: (1) the quality of refutation, (2) the passage of time, and (3) previous beliefs and ideologies. For example, the above-mentioned studies on autism and smoking correction advertisements were ineffective after 1 week and 6 weeks of follow-up, respectively. When designing corrections, it is usually not enough to simply mark information as false or incorrect, because correcting false information through simple withdrawal can’t make people understand why information is false and what the facts are. Therefore, the advice to practitioners is often to write more detailed materials to expose the truth. A review of the literature shows that [91,92], the best practices of designing and debunking false information include:

1. Tell the truth first;

2. Appeal to scientific consensus and authoritative expert resources;

3. Ensure that the correction is easy to obtain and is no more complicated than the original false information;

4. Clearly explain why false information is false;

5. Provide a coherent alternative causal explanation (Figure 1).

Although there is a general lack of comparative research, some recent studies show that optimizing the way to expose information according to these criteria will improve the effect compared with other or business-as-usual methods [84].

　

Figure 1. Best practice suggestions for effectively exposing false information. An effective information to expose the truth should start with facts and be presented in a simple and unforgettable way. Then you should warn the audience about false information (don’t repeat this false information). Then identify and expose the manipulation techniques used to mislead people. Finally, repeat the facts and emphasize the correct explanation.

3.2 Revealing the Truth: Limitations and Future Research

Despite these advances, people still express great concern about the application of this kind of "therapeutic" correction afterwards, especially the risk of "backfire effect", and people eventually believe more false information because of the correction. This counterproductive effect can occur through two potential dimensions [92,93], one of which involves the psychological response to correction itself (backfire effect of "world outlook"), and the other involves the repetition of false information (backfire effect caused by "familiarity"). Although early research supports the fact that, for example, correcting false information about influenza and MMR vaccine may make individuals who have been concerned about these things more hesitant about the decision to vaccinate, recent research has found no evidence to prove the backfire effect of this world view. In fact, although the evidence of backfire effect is still widely cited, recent repeated experiments failed to reproduce this effect when correcting false information about vaccines. Therefore, although this effect may exist, its frequency and intensity are not as common as previously thought.

We can also design a way that is consistent with the audience’s worldview rather than conflicting to expose false information, so as to minimize the backfire effect at the worldview level. Nevertheless, because exposing lies means imposing a rhetorical framework on the audience, in this framework, in order to correct false information, it is necessary to repeat these false information (that is, refute other people’s statements), so there is a risk that this repetition will enhance people’s familiarity with false information, and people will not be able to correct it in long-term memory later. Although studies clearly show that people are more likely to believe repeated (false) information than non-repeated (false) information, recent studies have found that the risk of ironically strengthening a false information is relatively small when exposing a lie, especially when the information that exposes the lie is highlighted relative to the false information. Therefore, the current consensus is that although practitioners should be aware of the risk of backfire, considering that these side effects are rare, they should not prevent the release of correction information.

Having said that, there are two other noteworthy problems that limit the effectiveness of the treatment. First of all, retrospective correction will not be known to as many people as the initial false information. For example, it is estimated that only about 40% of smokers have received the correction information ordered by the tobacco industry court [98]. Another related concern is that people will continue to make inferences based on lies even after receiving the corrected information [92]. This phenomenon is called "persistent influence of false information", and meta-analysis has found strong evidence of persistent influence effect in a wide range of situations [88,89].

3.3 Preventive Measures: Psychological Prevention Theory of False Information

Therefore, researchers have recently begun to explore preventive or preemptive measures to deal with false information, that is, to act before individuals come into contact with or reach the "infectious" state. Although "precaution" is a more general term, it is used to refer to the intervention measures that remind people to "think twice before publishing events" [51], but this self-reminding does not enable people to have any new skills to identify and resist false information. The most common framework to prevent harmful persuasion is psychological prevention theory (Figure 2)[100,101].

The theory of psychological prevention follows the medical analogy and assumes that just as vaccines trigger antibody production to help acquire immunity against future infections, this can also be achieved at the information level. By pre-emptive warning and exposing people to seriously weakened false information (plus strong refutation), people can cultivate cognitive resistance to future false information. Psychological prevention theory plays a role through two mechanisms, namely, (1) motive threat (a desire to protect oneself from manipulation attack) and (2) refuting pre-emptive strike (an example of attack weakened by prior contact). For example, the study found that vaccinating people before (rather than after) exposure to conspiracy theories to prevent conspiracy arguments about vaccines effectively increased the willingness to vaccinate. Recent reviews [102,104] and meta-analysis [105] point out that psychological prevention is a powerful strategy, which can gain immunity to false information, and has many applications in the health field, such as helping people form immunity to false information of mammography in breast cancer screening.

　

Figure 2. Psychological prevention includes two core components: (1) warning people in advance that they may be misled (activating the psychological "immune system"); (2) Exposing false information (strategy) in advance, exposing people to seriously weakened false information, coupled with strong counterattack and refutation (producing cognitive "antibodies"). Once people gain immunity, they can indirectly spread the "vaccine" to others through offline and online interaction.

In particular, some recent progress is worth noting. First of all, the field of psychological prevention has shifted from narrow-spectrum or fact-based prevention to broad-spectrum or technology-based immunity [102,108]. The reason behind this change is that although we can synthesize a seriously weakened false information from the existing false information (and then strongly refute this weakened information), it is difficult to expand the scale of psychological prevention if this process must be repeated for every false information. On the contrary, scholars have begun to identify the common components of false information more generally, including impersonating experts and doctors, manipulating people’s emotions with fear, and using conspiracy theories and other techniques. It is found that people can resist these potential routines through psychological prevention, so people’s immunity will be relatively enhanced for a series of false information using these strategies. This process is sometimes called cross-protection. Inoculating people with a strain can prevent related or different strains from adopting the same false information strategy.

The second progress is about the application of active prevention and passive prevention. The traditional prevention process is passive, because people will get specific rebuttal information from experimenters in advance, while the active prevention process encourages people to produce their own "antibodies". Perhaps the most famous example of active prevention is the popular gamification prevention intervention, such as in the games Bad News and GoViral! In [110], the player plays the role of a false information producer, and is influenced by common strategies used to spread false information in a simulated social media environment. As part of this process, players actively generate their own media content and reveal manipulation techniques. It is found that when people (1) realize that they are easily persuaded and (2) perceive improper intentions to manipulate their opinions, they will resist deception. Therefore, these games aim to reveal the vulnerability of people’s cognition and stimulate the spontaneity of individuals by contacting with weak doses of false information in advance, so as to protect themselves from the influence of false information. Randomized controlled trials have found that active prevention games can help people identify false information [38,110,113,114], enhance people’s confidence and insight into the truth [110,113], and reduce the sharing of false information reported by themselves. However, like many biological vaccines, studies have found that psychological immunity will weaken over time, but it can be maintained for several months through regular "booster shots". One of the benefits of this research is that as a member of the World Health Organization,As part of the "Stop The Spread" campaign and the "Verified" initiative of the United Nations and the British government, these gamification interventions have been evaluated and promoted by millions of people.

3.4 Preventive Measures: Limitations and Future Research

One potential limitation is that although false information has appeared repeatedly throughout history (considering the similarity between the false information that vaccinia vaccine will turn people into cattle hybrids and the conspiracy theory that COVID-19 vaccine will change human DNA), psychological prevention really needs at least some advance knowledge about the false information that people may come into contact with in the future. In addition, because medical workers are being trained to fight against false information, it is important to avoid terminology confusion when fighting against vaccine suspicion through psychological prevention. For example, this method can be implemented without a clear analogy with vaccination, focusing on the value of "prevention" and helping people expose manipulation techniques.

Several other important open problems still exist. For example, similar to the recent progress in the application of therapeutic vaccines in experimental medicine: therapeutic vaccines can still enhance the immune response after infection-studies have found that psychological prevention can still protect people from false information even if they have been exposed to false information [108,112,118]. This is conceptually meaningful, because it shows that it may take a long time to repeatedly contact with false information before it can be completely convinced by false information or integrated with previous attitudes. However, there is still no clear conceptual boundary between the transition from therapeutic vaccination to traditional debunking the truth.

In addition, although active prevention and passive prevention are relatively close [105,110], the evidence base of active prevention is still relatively small. Similarly, although studies comparing prevention with debunking the truth show that prevention is indeed better than post-treatment treatment, more comparative studies are needed. The study also found that it is possible for people to post information about psychological prevention on interpersonal or social media. This process is called "post-inoculation talk" [104], which implies the possibility of group immunity in online communities [110], but there is no social network simulation to evaluate the potential of psychological prevention. The current research is also based on self-reported false information sharing. Future research needs to evaluate the extent to which psychological prevention can spread among people and affect the objective news sharing behavior on social media.

summary

The spread of false information undermines the efforts of public health work, from vaccination to public compliance with health protection behaviors. It is found that although people are sometimes deceived by misleading information because of their negligence and insufficient attention to the accuracy of information on social media, the politicized nature of many public health problems shows that people will also strengthen important social and political beliefs and identity structures by doing so, thus believing and sharing false information. We need a more comprehensive framework, which is sensitive to different backgrounds and can explain different susceptibility to false information according to how people give priority to accuracy and social motivation when judging the authenticity of news media. Although "exposure" does not mean "infection", false information can spread rapidly on the Internet, and its spread often benefits from the existence of political echo room. However, it is important that a lot of false information on social media often comes from influential accounts and super communicators. Both therapeutic methods and preventive methods have proved that some success has been achieved in fighting against false information. However, in view of the persistent influence after exposure to false information, preventive methods are of great value, and more research is needed to determine how to best combine exposure and prevention. We should also encourage further research to outline the psychological principles and potential challenges behind the application of epidemiological models to understand the spread of false information. A major challenge in this field in the future will be to clearly define how to measure and conceptualize false information, and to need standardized psychometric tools to better compare the results of various studies.

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Latest papers on complex science

Since the express column of papers in the top journals of Chi Zhi Ban Tu was launched, it has continuously collected the latest papers from top journals such as Nature and Science, and tracked the frontier progress in complex systems, network science, computational social science and other fields.

Original title: Overview of Information Epidemiology: Susceptibility, Dissemination and Immunity of False Information

Read the original text

　　In recent years, with the rapid development of short videos, the network charm index of cities such as Chongqing, Xi ‘an, Chengdu and Hangzhou has soared. Chongqing’s 8D magic interchange, Xi ‘an’s tumbler performance, Xiamen’s seaview subway … … These scenes with their own traffic attract a large number of tourists to spread and share on the Internet. Experts pointed out that behind the hot popularity, how to turn the flow economy into an incremental economy and shape the real urban competitiveness is an important issue for online celebrity cities.

　　"online celebrity punching place" is hot

　　Xiao Zhao, a Beijing girl who is engaged in the clothing industry, is keen on traveling. She and several friends like to "walk away". Before going to a place, she didn’t do much travel strategy. Often, when she arrived at her destination, she went to Tik Tok and other short video platforms to search for popular videos related to the tourist destination, and then happily "punched in" together, or enjoyed the unique natural and cultural landscape, or felt the wonderful historical and cultural customs, or tasted the mouth-watering local specialties. "Taking photos, taking short videos, making friends circle and trembling sound are must-do in travel."

　　In recent years, the rise of social networks has changed many people’s travel habits. Whether it’s a traditional scenic spot or a new landmark, once it has the label of "online celebrity", it will attract tourists to take photos or take videos to "punch in".

　　Recently, People’s Daily People’s Cultural Tourism Research Institute and others published the TOP20 Value Recommendation List of "online celebrity Punching Places" for National Cultural Tourism, recommending high-quality tourism resources from three dimensions: attention, reputation and expert evaluation. The selected 20 "online celebrity Punching Places" have the following characteristics: First, they must have aesthetic feeling to meet the needs of tourists for photography, such as Sakura Avenue, Chaka Salt Lake and Dongji Island; Secondly, it can highlight personality and meet the needs of tourists to show their taste, such as THE BRIDGE covered bridge in Chengdu; In addition, it can provide different tour experiences to satisfy tourists’ sense of freshness and participation, such as Xiamen Seaview Subway and Xi ‘an Yongxingfang "Bowling Wine".

　　“‘ Online celebrity punching place ’ The popularity is largely due to the new media communication methods. " Xu Fengwen, chief planner of the Cultural Tourism Center of Tianjin University Architectural Design and Planning Research Institute, said that people’s demand for the participation and dissemination of online celebrity scenes has changed from the traditional view of the city to the experience of specific city scenes.

　　Nowadays, more and more tourists release short videos to exchange travel strategies and experiences. Insiders pointed out that short video has become an important communication and expression tool, which has mobilized the enthusiasm of tourists to record and discover the charm of the city. The reason is, first of all, because short travel videos are more intuitive, richer, story-telling, entertaining and more impressive to others. In addition, in the short videos taken by tourists, scenic spots and food are often more grounded and can appreciate a city at close range. In addition, friends like to go to the "punch card place", and they also go to make a card and connect with each other in a brand-new way, which is also a new form of social interaction.

　　"Lens" makes online celebrity city.

　　Today, it has become the norm that a "online celebrity punching place" is a city with fire. The White Paper on Beautiful City Index: the Relationship between Short Video and Urban Prosperity published by China Urban Planning and Design Institute shows that the content related to urban travel on short video can not only drain online, but also drive offline "planting grass". More than 80% of Tik Tok users said that they would "punch in" because they like short videos of specific cities, scenic spots and business districts.

　　Under the trend of new media communication, the "punching place in online celebrity", which is favored by young consumers, has great potential in enhancing the popularity of cultural tourism brands. To this end, various localities have launched relevant measures to activate and promote cultural tourism resources. For example, Beijing recently launched the "First Beijing Net Red Punch Site Selection" activity, where the public can participate in recommendation and voting through the Internet to help their own Beijing-style "online celebrity"; Kunming launched the promotion activity of "punching places for cultural tourism" to encourage citizens and tourists to explore new landmarks in the city; Chongqing held the promotion activity of "Sun Culture Sun Scenery" to show the "face value" and "temperament" of "City of Mountains and Waters" with the help of social media platform.

　　Some cities have been re-recognized by young people through emerging media platforms. Among them, short videos have become an important scene to create new business cards for cities, opening up a new possibility for "lens" to create online celebrity cities. For example, since July, 2019, Xi ‘an Datang City Scenic Area has designed two street performance art performances of tumblers according to Xi ‘an city mascots "Tang Bao" and "Tangniu", and soon the performance of "Real Tumbler" Picachen became popular. On Tik Tok, the video under the topic of "Miss Tumbler" has been played 2.77 billion times. In this regard, Nan Chuxin, deputy director of the china society of economic reform Internet and New Economy Professional Committee, said that compared with traditional city landmarks, such tourist scenes are more modern, approachable and cultural, and are favored by the younger generation. This kind of city "punching in" behavior based on characteristic IP not only brings traffic explosion, activates the local tourism economy, but also personifies and rejuvenates the image of scenic spots, which injects new kinetic energy into the cultural tourism industry.

　　However, in reality, there are also some areas that blindly follow the trend. For example, regardless of their own personality and characteristics, they copy and introduce "punch-in" elements such as tumbler performance, glass plank road, sky mirror and light show. "Blindly chasing the real-time effect of the network, being out of position and being surprised, we must pay attention to prevention! In particular, it is necessary to prevent rushing headlong into it, copying it, and mismatching the name. " Jin Yuanpu, director of the Institute of Cultural and Creative Industries of Renmin University of China, said in an interview that every city has its own genes, and it is necessary to shape its unique image and temperament.

　　Fully "realize" the traffic

　　A few days ago, the "Top 100 online celebrity Cities in China Tide Economy 2020" published by a certain platform measured the "online celebrity Degree" of a city from five dimensions: network popularity index, live broadcast index, tide life index, industrial development index and impression index. The top 10 cities in online celebrity are: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Chengdu, Xi ‘an, Changsha, Nanjing and Chongqing. Experts pointed out that the high popularity of online celebrity city is actually the result of a series of factors, such as urban cultural heritage, economic strength, population size and even scientific and technological progress.

　　"online celebrity city is not only a city that is popular on the Internet. A online celebrity city must form a high-quality development model if it wants to be red for a long time and keep its traffic. " The insiders believe that in the era of "attention economy", how to transform online traffic into the core competitiveness of the city, and finally attract the influx of people and form an industrial agglomeration effect is the ultimate goal of the city to create a "online celebrity label".

　　According to Huang Hancheng, the chief researcher of Zhigu Trend, only when people gather through Internet traffic, such as tourists who spend money or talents who come to settle down, can online celebrity be regarded as a city. The "online celebrity Effect" can’t be underestimated, for example, in recent years, Chongqing’s tourism fever is among the highest, and in 2019 alone, 657 million people visited Chongqing, achieving a total tourism income of 573.4 billion yuan.

　　In this regard, Jin Yuanpu said that in order to turn online traffic into real dividends, supporting facilities and public services should be in place, and more detailed work should be done in all aspects of urban development, especially in the upgrading of tourism. Through the system construction of new technologies, new management and new operations, tourists’ sense of experience, participation and integration will be continuously enhanced.

Original jojo, great craftsman

When Xiaobian contacted Mr. Yamayama,

Colleagues are very excited.

Everyone is interested in this up master with outstanding style in bilibili knowledge area.

I have accumulated enough curiosity.

He is well-educated and insane.

Claiming to be "a Chinese slacker, a drunkard in Jiannan Road"

His outrageous behavior includes reading "Please Wu Zhao" in the street.

Shoot one’s own portrait

Imitate Wei and Jin Dynasties to swallow homemade Wushi Powder.

Results Sulfur poisoning.

His video, besides the hard-core ancient prose analysis,

It is even more exciting, and it is spontaneous.

This issue of "Great Craftsman"

Show you all the secrets of Mr. Yamayama.

● Mr. Yamayama

Bilibili Million Fans Upmaster

● "Writing for Trump and Biden" by Mr. Youshan

Selected as a must-see video for the 2020 Knowledge Zone.

When Li Peiran

It’s not "Mr. Yamayama"

Mr. Youshan’s real name is Li Peiran

Born in a poor farming family in western Sichuan.

Claiming that parents have suffered from illiteracy.

I forced him to recite in kindergarten.

Three hundred Tang Poems by Heng Tangju Shi

Elementary school has to recite Wu’s uncle’s "The View of Ancient Chinese Literature"

Such forced training

So that junior high school students can write classical Chinese without penetrating or affectation.

Even more exaggerated is that

High school began to write in a dazzling way.

The first paragraph uses the Book of Songs, the second paragraph uses Chu Ci, and the third paragraph uses Han Fu.

The fourth paragraph uses Tang poetry, the fifth paragraph uses Song ci, and the sixth paragraph uses Yuanqu.

Finally, the style of Ming and Qing novels is summarized.

In an article, it has gone through five thousand years.

No wonder he prides himself on being like Li Bai.

Li Bai can’t surpass his time.

But Li Peiran, from the perspective of 2022,

Can make the essence of 5,000 years of cultural cultivation work for yourself.

But he is extremely eccentric.

With the existing achievements, it is definitely impossible to enter an ideal university.

In 2017, Li Peiran took the college entrance examination.

It happened that the topic of the composition was "I watch the college entrance examination"

In his view, this topic is like a provocation.

He wrote a composition that was eloquent but doomed to zero.

Attacking the college entrance examination system is the contemporary stereotyped writing for candidates.

Finally fell out of the list

Can’t find the ideal position in the real world

He is full of talent and consciousness.

Began to have the idea of seclusion

"This is the only living classical Chinese writer I have ever seen.

But he has a photo. "

Li Peiran failed in the college entrance examination.

Follow the example of "Mr. Wuliu" and retire to the countryside

And call himself "Mr. Yamayama"

Although like Tao Yuanming, he plowed and studied hard.

However, he has no agricultural foundation, and the fields he grows are "grass is abundant and beans are scarce"

In the mountains, "five days of bamboo is boring, and ten days of birds are boring."

After living in seclusion for two years.

He decided to go down the mountain and find another way out

Mr. Yamayama in seclusion

Youshan was once the son of Qian Mu, a master of Chinese studies.

Professor Tsinghua University Qian Xun studied for seven days.

When asked what Professor Qian Xun thought of "hermits"

I thought Professor Qian Xun would praise him for not wanting fame and fortune.

I didn’t expect Professor Qian Xun to say:

"This is the misfortune of the times,

Is the sorrow of the country,

Because the country’s brain drain. "

● Mr. Yamayama and Professor Qian Xun

Being called a talent by a master of Chinese studies inspired Yamayama.

You know, because you’re a maverick

People around him thought he was crazy since childhood.

There are mountains that are encouraged.

Started releasing videos about ancient literature in bilibili.

When explaining poetry and prose

He quoted classics and often added some unpopular knowledge.

Can restore the situation at that time more accurately

Under his interpretation, those ancient celebrities and great talents

Also become vivid and close.

Recitation of ancient poems with mountains

Pay great attention to the rhythm of sentence breaking and the ups and downs of emotion

Strive to resonate with the original to achieve artistic conception

● The poetic interaction between Mr. Youshan and bilibili netizens.

There are mountains now

Already has over a million fans.

Already the head of bilibili knowledge area up master.

Many teachers play his recitation videos in class.

His article was selected as a Chinese reading topic by a school.

More times on the stage of Henan Satellite TV and Shandong Satellite TV.

Like a famous Chinese scholar.

?

Mr. Youshan’s message to college entrance examination students: the college entrance examination can’t determine life, so we should establish an equal career concept.

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You think your talent is comparable to that of Li Bai, so what do you think of the relationship between talent and hard work?

I think my talent is not very good, although I act like a cynic, looking very carefree, drinking wine, enjoying myself, being naive and laughing.

In fact, I am a workaholic. My day is 36 hours, because I have no biological state at all. I open my eyes for 28 hours and sleep for 8 hours every day.

● Mr. Yamayama’s library.

Can you tell us something about the process of creating bilibili video?

The most important thing is inspiration. When there is no inspiration, I will not make a video by force, which is soulless. After inspiration, it usually takes two days to write a copy first, and then shoot.

Shooting is the most painful thing for me. For example, I may have to record a video analyzing ancient Chinese prose forty or fifty times. For a 1,000-word manuscript, I have to make sure that I recite it exactly, and the emotional ups and downs are in line with the artistic conception of the article, so I need to constantly re-record it.

Finally, editing, my video clips are very few, and I hope to present a mirror in a more natural state.

You are drinking in the video, lying on the ground while talking, etc. Are these designed or naturally revealed?

I am an up master who has no one to set up, because people will inevitably collapse.

What I look like in real life is what I look like in the video. The only difference is that I am more arrogant in reality. When I drink wine and talk to everyone, I will talk loudly. In the video, I am more low-key. As a public figure, I still need something relatively positive.

● Writing in classical Chinese closely following current events.

What do you think is the greatest charm of traditional culture?

Studying traditional culture will really have a sense of reverence, a sense of shock and a sense of mission.

Why do you do such maverick things as taking photos and taking Wushisan?

It stems from the detached attitude towards life and death, which is also influenced by Zhuangzi’s "drum basin and song".

I look down on fame, life and death.

Looking down on life and death does not mean that you are not afraid of death. Looking down on fame does not mean that you don’t like or want fame. I cherish my life. I can’t live in poverty. I want to be happier. If you give me more money, I won’t refuse.

● Mr. Yamayama shows his photo.

Nowadays, many young people wander around in involution and decay. Do you have any suggestions for them?

Suggest that they read The Doctrine of the Mean, and read Zhuangzi and Lao Zi. Taoism emphasizes inaction, but it is by no means bad.

Zhuangzi said that Zhou will be between doing and not doing, and doing and not doing should be analyzed in detail. It is a dynamic balance, and the so-called Tao is just like this.

Who is your favorite ancient celebrity? Why?

Zhuangzi.

If there is a chance for me to meet Zhuangzi, I would go to the primitive world.

What kind of role will you try in the future if the up master is not popular one day?

Everything has a life cycle, and saints will be remembered one day, not to mention an ordinary person like me.

If one day, I should be a teacher. My hobby is teaching and educating people.

● Mr. Youshan in the period of traveling.

What do you think is the most perfect happiness?

Free, rich, respected by the world and future generations.

What kind of talent do you want most?

Pick up hot chicks’s ability.

What do you fear most?

Be remembered by future generations.

What’s your current state of mind?

A little haggard and very tired.

Who do you admire most among the living people?

Myself.

What do you think is your greatest achievement?

He has created many classic articles handed down from generation to generation.

After 1000 years, it will definitely be learned by everyone.

There won’t be any accidents,

I have firm confidence in this.

What characteristics of yourself do you hate the most?

I don’t hate myself.

I think I can be more handsome. I have appearance anxiety.

What’s your favorite trip?

The time I went to Daocheng Aden,

At that time, I was not the upmaster,

The journey is relatively pure.

What characteristics do you hate most about others?

Hypocrisy

What is your most treasured property?

The money in my bank.

What is your greatest luxury?

Going to bed one night,

I woke up with a nosebleed and didn’t want to get up to get toilet paper.

From the "Ming History" on the bedside.

Tear a few pages to stop the bleeding temporarily.

What do you think is the shallowest pain?

There are no big rivers in Chengdu, so you can’t feel the magnificent beauty.

Which virtue do you think is overrated?

Economy.

What’s your favorite occupation?

Teacher.

What are you dissatisfied with your appearance?

The back of my head is peaceful.

What do you regret most?

At the beginning of this year, a business order was not received.

That list is quite rich.

Who do you despise most among the living people?

My primary school math teacher,

Once I got 100 points in math,

He framed me for cheating.

He doesn’t have any evidence,

Criticize me in front of the whole class,

And call my parents.

What is your most painful thing?

I ate homemade Wushi powder,

Results I went to the hospital for gastric lavage.

It was the most painful thirty minutes of my life.

What is the person or thing you love most in your life?

My book.

How do you want to die?

Natural death.

When and where do you feel happiest?

Drink, just drunk

I’m happiest when I’m not sick.

If you could change one thing about your family, what would it be?

I hope my father is a rich man,

Or a leading cadre.

If you had a choice, what would you like to reproduce?

See Zhuangzi.

What is your motto?

Foolishly adorn my watch, but hide it in decay.

Mr. Youshan’s recommendation list

Xiao Lin Guang Ji

"History has never gone far" Wang Liqun

The Absurdity of History by Liu Jie

The View of Ancient Chinese Literature, Xinhua Publishing House Edition

Liu Ji, Yu Ion

Appendix: Appreciation of Mr. Youshan’s Strange Articles

"For King Luo Bin, for Xu Jingye"

Jun chi thousands of miles away, there is no distinction between males and females; Wang Yuzhaomin still has a distinction between good and evil. Lv Hou’s trouble with the Huns was the beginning of Wen Jing; Wu’s guilt in Shangyuan is anger and arrogance. Sacrifice two emperors, kill ministers, and Luo Zhi is all over the world, creating a chaotic octupole. Dabao is broken for it, and the artifact is smashed for it. The soil is cloudy in the haze, and the ordinary man is afraid of the sword.

Sikong mowgli, three dynasties old, the British crown outstanding. He died suddenly and violently, and he helped the emperor and entrusted his life. Wu’s bribery was not accepted, and he was convicted and demoted to death in Guizhou, which made Yu sad. Servants are good at shooting, loyal to the country, demoralized, and severely criticized. Once this Lao was culled, the soul broke off in South Vietnam, and it was also a whale giant. So Jane pulled out the night and made a cruel official. Softly imprison Di Zi, and reuse consorts. In addition to destroying the branches, it eats the court. Take a fierce prison and kill people, set up a bronze plaque and cover Tang Ding. Therefore, the official was tongue-tied, the scholar’s jaw was closed, the water board was wordless, and the admonisher lost his voice.

Wu’s thief is busy with the power of heaven, and he is unconscious and disabled. Qi Ji was spared the meat of the jar altar, and Gao Wei did not slaughter the infant baby. Not only punish Wang Sun, but also cut off Li Min. Welcome Buddha’s bone in Chixian County, and move the foundation of Confucianism and Taoism; Move the Purple Palace to Luoyang, exhausting the sweat of Qianshou. Xiao Yan’s decline is sad to see; The death of Dong Zhuo is a great pain. The tower outside the temple is empty and foolish; Luxurious buildings and huge halls are only a waste of money. Whoo! The state’s family is bitter, and the people are poor.

As for the worship of Zen in Songshan Mountain, Taiyue is disrespectful, and his back is far and wide, and he abandons his faith and does Kun. Tubo disturbed Anxi, and Turkic committed it in Mobei. Zhenguan was not sacrificed because of Liaodong, and Wu Shi was honored as a stiff skeleton. It also favors the face, makes the second class dimension, sets fire to the hall, and manipulates power. Then there are people who have cracked the temples inside, people who have rushed to the crown outside, the prophecy of the dry Sichuan below, and the star who attacked the moon above.

My Lord Xu Jingye, an old minister of Li Tang, is benevolent and resourceful, and vows to get rid of surliness. Drink the fast waves of the Hanjiang River and shake the righteous flag of Yangzhou. Planning is the same as heaven and man, and washing the blade is the fear of ghosts and gods. Soldiers array, direct drive Luo Lu, roaring tigers and dragons, exploding thunder and thunderbolts. Flying troops shake mountains and shoot snow with long knives, riding horses and chasing the wind, while Wu Ge shines on the sun. Sun Bin is unstoppable, and Yafu is irresistible. The sea is flooded with fireflies, and the iron falls into spring ice.

Gaiwen: Ju Shou died of Yuan’s family, so it is better for Gao Lan to surrender Cao; Zhang Ren was trapped in Luocheng, but he did not obey Han Yan Yan. The number of false spirits is exhausted, and it will be rectified in a few days. Is to wait until the sandstorm stops, the world is clear, and the ninth Five-Year Plan is given priority, and then the country is worked.

He who wins the head of the witch will be rewarded with 80 million yuan and sealed 8 thousand households. Moving to the county, such as the law!

-Mr. Youshan Li Peiran

2021.12.6

Dayefu

Opium is poisonous and drunk; Chen Meng won’t wake up until the ship is on the shore. At this time, Kyushu was soft and the Central Plains was weak. The wind is full of evil, and the rain is full of evil. Foreign countries are arrogant and arrogant, and they cut down the soil; The Qing court was corrupt and weak, and peddled the people. Cut the city and abandon the soil, why cherish the accumulation of the future generations; Qiaoyuan practices the temple, who pity the hundred generations to pass on the roses? Or there are strong men who hold their wrists, fierce ministers who beat them, and change their methods into weapons, but they will never recover. Therefore, China is in trouble, and Chixian County is on the verge of extinction. Huang Zu cried with ghosts and gods, and the head of Guizhou died with the hen. Alas!

When Guangzhou dialed the blood bell, Wuchang raised the banner of righteousness, and the Imperial Mansion collapsed, the iron drums shook in ten provinces. Burning ointment in the sea, washing the color in the world, democratic Republic, and gradually gaining popularity. However, Yuan’s stealing treasures is not a success. Song Jun was assassinated, which is called "overwork"? The concept of arrogance is in the way, sighing that Confucius and Mencius have no hometown. Bad politics and alcohol people, foreigners and landlords. Sadly, short candles don’t shine on the darkness of the atlas; Pain also zai, residual fireflies can’t warm large chunks of cold.

In 1921, at the age of 18, I was in Xinyou, showing a picture of the South Lake and painting a boat. Following the May 4th Movement, we carried forward the principles of Marxism-Leninism. Shoot jade electricity and break the fog, blow boiling songs and melt ice. Chen Lixiong wrote, raising huge waves to ask about the reef of barnacles; Zhang Zhou struggled to wipe the wall of moss in Tai ‘a. Then, I will attack the crime directly, strengthen the martial arts, take the mud pill of Xichuan, and resist the jackal of the East Island. Conquer violence against disasters and save refugees from beasts. Yang Zhao died without changing his heart, Zhu Peng attacked Japan and the Blue Army solved Eritrea. So the workers and peasants combined, the sickle and hammer danced, the coward’s house collapsed, and Chiang’s family fled. Defeat Korea, defeat the United States and disable Europe; Drive India, suppress the empire and greedy wolves. How strong our party is! Sincerely sweep away the embarrassment of a hundred years and promote the health of all generations.

Today I am Chinese, people-oriented, reform and opening up. Collect the land, scatter the beaver, light the apricot altar, and cultivate the middle beam. The wonderful politics of the past year, dropping out of agriculture and giving it to Xiao Guicheng; Attract the wealth of foreign countries, and the treasury is spared. Shovel mountains, endless forests; The boat draws a lot of water, so don’t take the mysterious seedlings. The stars are flying in the silver Han, and the boat is involved in the long deep, but it is known that the dragon and phoenix are dead; The road is snowy, the road is far away, but the businessmen are not falling. From all walks of life, the people are safe. High-rise buildings soar, and huge buildings soar. Qian Lao donated his life, but the nuclear error was gone, and yuangong died, but the food shortage was gone forever. The roar of the three armies will break the waves in four oceans, and the laughter of a billion husbands will make seven States become the wind. Awesome in the heart, quick in the liver and intestines. Flood damages thousands of miles and destroys them, and Yu De can shoulder it; The earthquake moved eight levels without falling, and the soul can be marked. Anti-corruption, up and down, anti-epidemic North-South Concord. Poverty alleviation is carried out simultaneously, and the country is United in ancient and modern times!

In 2021, the centennial birthday of our party was heard by people who witnessed it. Fortunately, even zai, song to congratulate!

-Li Peiran

Operation | craftsman

Typesetting | sheep garden

Original title: "From" bottom waste "to millions of fans, claiming to be better than Li Bai, the article was compiled into the test paper …"

Read the original text

　　Huaxi Dushi Bao reporter Li Xiujiang

　　Photography Zhang Lei Someone asked our company to call your number for three months in a row. If you need to cancel it for a fee, please contact the staff and send a red envelope on WeChat … …

　　At noon on August 11th, Master Huang, who was running a taxi in Jiuzhaigou, suddenly received such a short message. He thought it was a scam message and didn’t care. As a result, after half an hour, the sound of the mobile phone never stopped.

　　In the meantime, Master Huang, who was unbearable to be harassed, turned the 100 yuan WeChat red envelope according to the other party’s prompt. Unexpectedly, the mobile phone was quiet for only half an hour and started ringing off the hook, and the other party asked for 200 yuan again. Worried that it was a bottomless pit, as a last resort, Master Huang turned to the operator where the mobile phone number was located and the police for help, and the answer was that there was no way to completely solve the problem.

　　On the one hand, there is endless noise, and on the other hand, there is nothing the supervision can do. In fact, Master Huang’s experience is not a case. Enter the keyword "Call you to death" on the Internet, and there are at least hundreds of similar news reports. The ultimate solution for these victims can only rely on themselves — — Block all strange calls or simply turn it off.

　　Behind this dilemma, there is a hidden status quo: software such as "call you to death" can be downloaded at will on the Internet, and even specialized companies use this kind of software to make profits by helping people "call you to death".

　　A

　　event

　　The brother who received the text message asking for a red envelope ignored it and was entangled in "calling you to death"

　　Master Huang has been running a taxi in Jiuzhaigou for several years, and this is the first time he has encountered such a thing: at noon on the 11th, he just received a guest who wanted to go from Jiuzhaigou to Chengdu. Not long after the car drove, he received a short message from a mobile phone number with a display area of Changsha, Hunan: "Someone asked our company to call your number for three consecutive months. If you need to cancel it for a fee, please contact the staff and send a red envelope on WeChat … …” At the end of the message, there are two WeChat numbers attached.

　　Master Huang thought it was a scam message and didn’t care. Unexpectedly, half an hour later, strange numbers began to call in. Some are strange numbers from other places, while others are unknown. They all hang up after ringing one or two times. Call back, the phone is either unanswered or the number is empty.

　　Master Huang was not too entangled in this because he was in a hurry to drive away. However, on the way from Jiuzhaigou to Chengdu, his mobile phone never stopped, ringing every 2 minutes, and the frequency was very uniform.

　　After 6 o’clock that night, the unbearable Master Huang could only "beg for mercy". He added the other party’s micro-signal according to the SMS prompt. "Who are you? Why do you want to do this? " For Master Huang’s inquiry, the other party did not answer, only said that he would help 100 yuan cancel the call if he wanted a red envelope.

　　After some bargaining, Master Huang first gave the other party a 50 yuan WeChat red envelope, but I didn’t expect the other party to have no room for negotiation at all. In desperation, Master Huang had to turn to 50 yuan again.

　　I thought this problem would be solved, but after half an hour of silence, Master Huang’s cell phone started ringing again. This time, the other person opened his mouth to 200 yuan, and said that no bargaining was allowed, otherwise he would "call you to death" for three consecutive months.

　　In the face of help and alarm

　　Both operators and police feel "headache"

　　Worried that it is a bottomless pit, Master Huang dare not remit money easily. Unbearable, he chose to ask for help from the operator who provided telecommunications services. The staff said that they would give feedback to the technical department, handle it in the background and give a reply within 24 hours. But after 24 hours, Master Huang failed to wait for the other party’s reply.

　　The harassing phone call still didn’t stop. Master Huang contacted the operator again, and the other party told him that there was nothing they could do to harass multiple strange phone numbers or display unknown numbers. The staff suggested that he download some interception software to stop it.

　　But this can’t solve the problem at all. Huang Shi Fu Shuo drives a taxi himself, and there are often strange calls for him, so it’s even more impossible to turn it off. Can continuously harass the phone, so that he can’t drive normally to attract customers.

　　As a last resort, Master Huang chose to call the police. The local police told him that he had received many such reports and had to register first.

　　As of press time, the number of harassing calls on Master Huang’s mobile phone has reached hundreds, and it has not stopped, and the time has exceeded 48 hours.

　　B

　　statement

　　The means to prevent "calling you to death" harassment are limited and it is difficult to intercept it comprehensively.

　　In fact, Master Huang’s experience is not a case. In the past two years, there have been seven or eight readers who have reported similar situations to this newspaper. Enter the keyword "call you to death" on the Internet, and at least hundreds of similar news reports will be searched out. The reporter combed the local media reports and found that in the case of "calling you to death", almost all the answers the victims got from the operators were: the problem could not be completely solved.

　　Mr. Cheng, a technical developer of an information technology company in Chengdu High-tech Zone, told reporters that "calling you to death" is actually an arbitrary dialing software that keeps repeating numbers. In the set time, keep dialing the number of the callee, so that the callee’s phone is busy, and other numbers cannot be dialed until the phone is turned off. Mr. Cheng said, "The incoming number of this kind of software is constantly changing. At present, mobile phones and fixed telephones should be guarded against ‘ Call you to death ’ The software means are extremely limited and cannot be completely intercepted. "

　　Mr. Cheng said that coupled with its concealment and variability, it is difficult for relevant departments to track down the perpetrators.

　　Earlier, some media reported that some experts in information engineering said that in case of "calling you to death" bombing, you can download mobile phone interception software. General interception software can mark harassing calls through big data, which can identify harassing calls faster than manual work and shorten the call time, but it can’t fundamentally prevent incoming calls.

　　C

　　survey

　　"Call you to death" software can be downloaded up to one million times online.

　　Why are more and more users being harassed by "calling you to death"? The reporter launched an investigation.

　　Enter the keyword "Call you to death" on the Internet, and there are many related messages. What is even more unexpected is that this software can be downloaded at will on the Internet, and some of them are accompanied by detailed installation and use instructions.

　　The reporter randomly clicked on the download page of a computer website and found a software called "Fast Phone Call You 2.8". At the bottom of the download link, there is a software introduction: calling your software to death requires the support of networked computers, and you can call numbers such as mobile phones or fixed telephones continuously until the power supply of the other number is exhausted, or it is always busy, so that other lines can’t call in unless the user turns it off by himself. The software also claims to be "the ultimate software for managing small advertisements".

　　After the reporter downloads, he can set the information such as call frequency and duration in the setting column, enter the mobile phone number or fixed phone number at will, and click the "Start Call" button, and the other party’s mobile phone or fixed phone will be continuously bombed. Incredibly, the downloads of this kind of software are amazing. By 5 pm on August 13th, this software had been downloaded more than 30,000 times on this website. According to CCTV’s previous report, the download volume of a software that "calls you to death" is as high as 1.25 million times, and the "praise" is as high as tens of thousands.

　　Corresponding to the download volume, it is a miserable victim. According to Anhui Business Daily, Mr. Xing, a citizen of Hefei, didn’t care when he received a strange text message. He actually received 4003 non-calling numbers in one day, and was called once every 21.6 seconds on average!

　　"Call you to death" is clearly marked online, and only 50 yuan can call for 3 days.

　　In fact, "calling you to death" has already become a complete interest chain. On the Internet, online stores and businesses that provide "call you to death" services can be easily found, and some businesses even openly price their services.

　　The reporter found a WeChat WeChat official account selling such services on the Internet, and the price offered by the other party was not high — — You only need 50 yuan to call any number for 3 days, and 100 yuan for 5 days.

　　After several days of investigation, the reporter found that in addition to free downloads, there are also some websites that sell such software publicly. Enter the words "Call you to death" on the Internet at will, turn over a few pages, and click to enter a computer website, which clearly indicates the price of the purchased product. A set of "call you to death" software, from purchase to activation and upgrade, is all guided online. The price of this kind of software varies according to the length of use. For example, the January version of 100 yuan, the half-year version of 280 yuan, and the lifetime version cost more than 2,200 yuan.

　　D

　　Support

　　Stopping the service of non-real-name telephone or VoIP may solve the problem.

　　Previously, the staff of telecom operators said that it was difficult to intercept "calling you to death", and some information technology experts said that downloading mobile phone interception software could not fundamentally prevent incoming calls. So, how to solve this problem?

　　Lawyer Huang Lei of Beijing Anbo (Chengdu) Law Firm has some research on this kind of cases. He said that in fact, operators can make a difference, and it is not difficult for him to solve this problem. "Telecom operators should strictly implement the real-name registration system, stop the service of non-real-name telephones or networks, so that they can’t call in or call out, which can effectively prevent others from using non-real-name registration system telephones or networks to commit criminal acts." Huang Lei said that once the real-name registration system is strictly implemented, it will be much easier to investigate and deal with it. At the same time, Huang Lei suggested that the telecommunications authorities should strengthen technical research and restrict these network violations from ports.

　　Lawyer’s statement/

　　"Call you to death" operator suspected of extortion

　　The "call you to death" operator’s behavior of asking Master Huang to "give money to eliminate the disaster" through SMS threats has been suspected of extortion. Lawyer Huang Lei said, from texting to voice asking for a red envelope, it is obvious that the operator’s behavior belongs to telephone harassment and forced asking for a red envelope. According to the Criminal Law and other relevant laws and regulations, for the purpose of illegal possession, the victim is forced to ask for public or private property by threatening or threatening. If the amount is large or repeatedly extorted, it is suspected to constitute extortion. The harassed person can report the crime of extortion and be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Some lawyers believe that the act of "calling you to death" for private use infringes on others’ right to freedom of communication. Although there is no clear regulation on the use of "calling you to death" software at present, according to Article 42 of the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment, "sending obscene, insulting, threatening or other information for many times to interfere with others’ normal life", if the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than five days and less than ten days, and may also be fined less than 500 yuan.

Depp joined Hollow Man.

　 　 1905 movie network news Universal Picture’s "Monster Universe" plan is moving forward in an orderly way. A few days ago, the remake of Hollow Man attracted a famous actor to join us. It is reported that Johnny Depp will definitely join the film and play the role of invisible man in the film. In the original film, the invisible man became a killer after being invisible, and there were killers in Depp’s previous screen roles, so this role is more suitable for Depp to interpret.

　 　 The original Hollow Man, filmed in 1933, tells the story of a talented scientist who invented an invisibility reagent that can make people invisible after drinking. Although the effect of the reagent is obvious, unfortunately, the side effects make the scientist become eccentric, and gradually, he becomes an invisible killer. The film depicts the alienation of science and technology to human beings. Although it is exaggerated, the scenes of a large number of invisible people killing people in the film are still chilling. The film has been put on the screen five times. The famous David .S. Goyer once filmed a version in 2007.

The 1933 edition of Invisible Man

　 　 As early as last year, Universal decided to build a "monster universe", hoping to copy the successful experience and bring the famous monsters in the film history such as Dracula, Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s bride, werewolf, invisible man, mummy, and Black Lake Fishman to the big screen. Judging from the progress of the current exposure, the list signed by Universal is big: Tom Cruise just confirmed to join us not long ago, and now Hollow Man has invited Depp to join us. Just from the stunt, this "monster universe" can be described as huge.

　 　 Universal Picture’s Hollow Man will be written by ed solomon, a screenwriter, and the director candidate and release time have not been decided.

The growth rate of China market is higher than that of the whole world.

From 2010 to 2020, the market size of China’s pet industry increased from 13.44 billion yuan to 72.73 billion yuan, with a compound annual growth rate of nearly 20%, which is higher than that of the whole world. In 2020, the US pet consumption market accounts for 41.1% of the world, ranking first, and China accounts for 8.1%. The pet raising rate and the annual consumption of a single pet in China are far below the level of developed countries, and there is much room for growth in the future.

Judging from the proportion of pet expenditure in household consumption, in 2014, the difference in the proportion of pet expenditure in household consumption between China and the United States was 3.1 times, and in 2019, the difference dropped to 1.8 times.

1. The average annual compound growth rate of China’s pet industry is nearly 20%, accounting for less than 10% of the global market.

With the development and prosperity of China society, the role of pets is gradually changing — — Cats and dogs are increasingly regarded as indispensable members of the family, rather than simply companion pets. Social media has also promoted pets to become an important part of young people’s lives, and the trend of "raising cats in the cloud" has made owning pets more desirable. Therefore, the pet market has grown rapidly in the past 10 years. In 2020, the pet consumption market in China will be 72.73 billion yuan, up 21.1% year-on-year, and the CAGR will be 18.4% in 10 years.

With the development of economy, the consumption of pets is also increasing. Families in most developed countries regard pets as family members, and the spending on pets is increasing. According to Euromonitor data, in 2020, the global pet market industry scale will be about US$ 138.2 billion, up by 4.4% year-on-year, and the CAGR will be 3.6% in 10 years. Among them, the pet consumption market in China, Japan and the United States accounted for 8.1%, 4.2% and 41.1% of the global market respectively.

2. There is a big gap between China’s pet raising rate and single pet consumption amount and developed countries, and there is huge room for improvement.

In the past decade, the changing population and social structure, as well as the improvement of income and adoption rate, have become the main factors to promote the growth of pet keeping rate in China. Compared with other parts of the world, in 2019, the family pet raising rate in China was only about 17%, far lower than 67% in the United States, 62% in Australia and 44% in the United Kingdom. The pet raising rate in China is far lower than that in developed countries, and there may be several times room for improvement in the future.

Since 2016, the growth rate of China’s single pet consumption has increased year by year, mainly driven by the increase of per capita disposable income and the enhancement of pets’ kinship attributes; In 2020, the annual consumption of a single pet in China will be $59. Compared with other countries, in 2020, the consumption of single pet in Japan and the United States will be $317 and $343, respectively, and the consumption of single pet in China is still lower than that in developed countries.

3. The proportion of pet expenditure in household consumption in China has increased, and the gap with the United States has narrowed.

From 2014 to 2019, the proportion of pet expenditure in household consumption in China increased from 0.16% to 0.29%, and the proportion of pet expenditure in household consumption in the United States in 2019 was 0.52%. In 2014, the difference in the proportion of pet expenditure in household consumption between China and the United States was 3.1 times. In 2019, the difference dropped to 1.8 times.

It can be seen that there is an obvious trend of consumption upgrading in the pet market in China, which accelerates the expansion of the pet market. With the stronger willingness of consumers in China to invest in pets in the future, the pet industry has great development potential.

For more data and analysis, please refer to Forward-looking Industry Research Institute, and at the same time Forward-looking Industry Research Institute provides solutions such as industry, industry declaration, industry investment attraction, IPO fundraising feasibility study and prospectus writing.

At present, it is popular in novel coronavirus. At the same time, we also hear the news that there is no specific drug at present. Some people may ask: Why can’t we treat it with antibiotics?

Because the pathogen this time is a virus, not a bacterium!

What are the similarities and differences between viruses and bacteria? Why can’t we kill the virus with antibiotics?

Image source: veer gallery

Are tiny creatures on the earth.

Bacteria and viruses are microorganisms. As the smallest life form on the earth, people always ignore their existence, but this tiny creature is always painted with a sense of existence, and people will be infected by them if they are not careful.

Bacteria are cells, which have cell walls, DNA and organelles. They can produce and metabolize needed enzymes by themselves, and can divide and reproduce by themselves. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, and the main structure is protein capsid and internal genetic material (DNA or RNA), and viruses cannot replicate themselves. Viruses need to replicate their genetic material by infecting host cells, and then release more offspring viruses to infect other host cells.

Bacteria can be harmless or even beneficial to human health, and can live independently. The purpose of the virus is to replicate itself, so it has no meaning unless it infects the host. It can be described as the purest "selfish gene".

The size difference between them is about 1000 times.

Bacteria in a broad sense are prokaryotes. Although they have a cell structure, they are still very different from human cells. Their structures are simpler, and they have no nucleus, but only a DNA aggregation area-pseudonucleus. Bacteria are generally spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, etc., and people do not forget to add a description of their shapes when naming them, such as Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and so on (ps. Yeast is a fungus, so there is no shape in the name.

At present, the smallest known bacteria are only 0.2 microns long, so they can only be seen under a microscope; The largest bacteria in the world can be directly seen by naked eyes, and it is 0.2-0.6 mm in size. It is a kind of bacteria called Sulphidophilus Namibia.

Bacterial size

Virus is a noncellular form composed of a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA) and protein. It lives by parasitism and is an organic species between living things and nonliving things. After it enters the cell, its metabolism such as DNA replication is indeed the characteristic of living things, while after it leaves the cell, it is just a lifeless crystal.

Novel coronavirus electron micrograph 　

Most viruses are between 10 and 300 nanometers (nm) in diameter. Some filamentous viruses can be as long as 1400nm, but their width is only about 80nm. Most viruses cannot be observed under optical microscope, and scanning or transmission electron microscope is the main tool to observe the morphology of virus particles. Compared with bacteria, viruses differ in size by about 1000 times.

There are also different ways to invade the human body.

There are many "good people" in bacteria, among which saprophytic bacteria are important decomposers in the ecosystem, which makes the carbon cycle go smoothly; Some bacteria will carry out nitrogen fixation, so that nitrogen can be converted into forms that can be used by biology. The production of cheese, yogurt and fermented grains, the manufacture of some antibiotics and the treatment of wastewater are all related to bacteria. In the field of biotechnology, bacteria are also widely used. Of course, the "bad guys" in bacteria are many pathogenic bacteria, including tuberculosis, anthrax, plague and other diseases are caused by bacteria.

The relationship between bacteria and human body is mainly parasitic. Let’s mainly talk about pathogenic bacteria. Because most bacteria have their own metabolic system, bacteria can be parasitic between normal cells of human body after invading human body. Bacteria take away the nutrients necessary for the body; The growth of bacteria produces various metabolites, which disrupts the physiological balance of the body; Even the size of bacteria has become a pathogenic factor, which interferes with and destroys the function of cells. Therefore, in some diseases, the proliferation of bacteria alone has fatal consequences.

Parasitic diagram of staphylococcus aureus

The virus may have invaded the human body from a sneeze or a physical contact. Viruses need to parasitize in living host cells, and rely on host cells to provide the raw material system, energy and place needed for virus replication. When a virus is ready to infect a host cell, it needs the following six steps to complete its proliferation activities, namely adsorption, invasion, hulling, biosynthesis, assembly and release.

Adsorption: The virus "targets" the target cell by recognizing the specific receptor protein molecules on the surface of the host cell membrane (for example, novel coronavirus virus recognizes angiotensin converting enzyme 2 -ACE2)； on the surface of human respiratory tract and lung cells); Invasion: then the virus either enters the host cell in some way (such as membrane fusion) or directly injects genetic material into the host cell; Shelling: Immediately after the viral infectious nucleic acid is released from the capsid; Biosynthesis: "non-stop" biosynthesis-synthesizing virus nucleic acid and protein according to gene instructions and with the help of raw materials, energy and places provided by host cells; Assembly: The newly synthesized virus nucleic acid and protein will be assembled into progeny virus; Release: the progeny virus is released outside the host cell.

Schematic diagram of virus replication

Human body’s defense and counterattack

Both bacteria and viruses have to break through the human body’s defenses to complete the invasion, but the human body will eventually find their existence, and the human immune system has its own protective measures and early warning mechanism.

The first line of defense: skin and mucous membrane. The first way for human beings to protect themselves is defense, which makes the human body form a relatively closed system through the skin and mucosa. When harmful substances are about to invade the human body, the skin and mucosa will block the external pathogenic factors out of the body.

The second line of defense: bactericidal substances and phagocytes. There are always bactericidal substances and phagocytes patrolling the mucosal surface and inside the human body to prevent the invasion of pathogens. Take lysozyme as an example, it can destroy the cell wall of bacteria, cause the contents of the cell wall to escape and dissolve the bacteria, and can also directly combine with negatively charged virus proteins to form double salts with DNA, RNA and apoprotein, thus inactivating the virus. Therefore, the enzyme has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects.

The third line of defense: specific immunity. When the powerful pathogen broke through the first two lines of defense, the human body’s counterattack just began. Through the phagocytosis of phagocytes and the analysis of special immune cells (T cells), the human body has produced antibodies that can specifically recognize invaders. The antibodies can make pathogens stick together and no longer be invasive, and finally the pathogens exposed between cells will be killed. But is the virus that invaded the cell safe? No! The human body can subtly identify which cells are infected by the virus, and then send a "killer" to kill the infected cells and release the virus inside the cells for antigen elimination.

However, it takes time for the human body to fight back, and pathogens will invade and occupy the human body through such a time gap!

Auxiliary appearance: drug therapy

Bacterial infection once became the greatest enemy of mankind. For example, the plague was called the "Black Death" in Europe, which reduced the population of Europe by one third in three years. At present, plague and cholera are classified as Class A infectious diseases in China. It was not until the discovery and popularization of antibiotics that human beings controlled the outbreak of bacterial infection.

Antibiotics mainly kill bacteria by destroying the structure of bacterial cells, such as cell wall, cell membrane, changing internal metabolism, hindering the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein, etc.

Chemical structural formula of penicillin

However, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses! Because bacteria and viruses have completely different structures!

Because bacteria have cell walls, as well as their own nucleic acid replication machines and ribosomes, antibiotics can kill bacteria with little side effects on humans as long as they are designed for these targets. However, the virus has no cell wall, its own nuclease and ribosome, and all its functions depend on the host cell. So antibiotics can’t kill viruses (we can’t make an "antibiotic" that kills host cells).

The ideal antiviral drugs can not only act on one or several links of the virus proliferation cycle, but also interfere or block it without affecting the normal metabolism of host cells. For example, ribavirin, a common drug, provides a large number of nucleotide analogues, which replace normal nucleotides, making the virus lose its replication ability and play a role in inhibiting virus amplification (but it also has great side effects on human body). In addition, the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir works by blocking the release of the offspring virus.

In view of this pneumonia epidemic, researchers from Wuhan Institute of Virology, China Academy of Sciences and Academy of Military Medical Sciences have also preliminarily screened out ramidivvir (GS-5734, phase II clinical anti-Ebola drug) and Chloroquine (Sigma-C6628, antimalarial drug) which have good inhibitory effects on novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) at the cellular level.

But we have to say that in the face of virus treatment, human beings have never found a universal specific drug like antibiotics. Active treatment is to mobilize the human body’s own immune ability to fight against viruses, because only organisms themselves really know how to fight against organisms.

CCTV News:The latest statistics show that since the beginning of this year, China’s industry, light industry, retail and other fields have continued to pick up.

Since the beginning of this year, the revenue of industrial enterprises in China has improved significantly.

According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics recently, in the first two months, the operating income of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 4.5% year-on-year, which was 3.4 percentage points higher than the annual revenue growth rate of last year. The recovery trend of enterprises was obvious, creating favorable conditions for profit growth. Among the industrial enterprises above designated size, the profits of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 0.5% year-on-year, the profits of private enterprises increased by 12.7%, and the profits of foreign-invested enterprises from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan increased by 31.2%. The profits of large, medium and small enterprises increased by 8.0%, 6.0% and 18.9% respectively.

In the first two months of this year, the light industry economy rebounded.

According to the data released by China National Light Industry Federation, 1-mdash; In February, there were more than 130,000 light industrial enterprises above designated size, achieving an operating income of 3.26 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 4.1%. The production of light industry shows a rapid growth trend. The market vitality of light industrial consumer goods has gradually increased. In the first two months, the retail sales of 11 categories of light industrial goods reached nearly 1.3 trillion yuan, up 5.2% year-on-year. The export volume of light industry increased by 17.4%.

In April, China’s retail boom index was 50.4%.

According to the latest China Retail Prosperity Index released by China Business Federation, in April, China’s retail prosperity index was 50.4%, up 0.3 percentage points from the previous month, and remained in the expansion range for one year in a row.

At the end of March, China’s foreign exchange reserves rose to $3,245.7 billion.

According to the data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on April 7th, by the end of March 2024, the scale of China’s foreign exchange reserves was US$ 3,245.7 billion, up by US$ 19.8 billion or 0.62% from the end of February. China’s economic recovery has been consolidated and strengthened, and the long-term positive fundamentals will not change, providing support for maintaining the basic stability of foreign exchange reserves.

The central bank set up 500 billion yuan for scientific and technological innovation and technological transformation refinancing.

On April 7th, the People’s Bank of China announced that in order to better meet the financing needs in the fields of scientific and technological innovation, technological transformation and equipment renewal, a second loan for scientific and technological innovation and technological transformation was set up, with a quota of 500 billion yuan and an interest rate of 1.75%. The distribution targets include 21 financial institutions such as policy banks, state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock commercial banks.

The special promotion meeting of "Investing in China" was held in Germany

Recently, the special promotion activity of "Investing in China" sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce of China was held in Stuttgart, Germany. More than 200 representatives of Chinese and German government agencies, enterprises and business associations attended the meeting to discuss the topic of investment in China.

China’s Ministry of Commerce said at the meeting that German investment in China accounts for 30% of EU investment in China. Bilateral economic and trade cooperation is not only the "ballast stone" of Sino-German relations, but also the "stabilizer" of China-EU relations. China’s emerging fields such as scientific and technological innovation, green and low carbon, and digital economy are full of business opportunities. Investing in China is a bright future for Sino-German economic and trade cooperation. Friedrich, chairman of the German-Chinese parliamentary group of the German Bundestag, said that German-Chinese economic and trade cooperation is a model of globalization, and the two countries should work together to meet the challenges and bring greater certainty to German-Chinese enterprise cooperation.

Data show that Germany has been China’s largest trading partner in Europe for 49 consecutive years, and China has been Germany’s largest trading partner in the world for 8 consecutive years. Sino-German trade accounts for about 30% of China-EU trade.

China’s first deep geothermal scientific exploration well exceeding 5000m.

The reporter learned from China Petrochemical that China’s first over 5,000-meter deep geothermal scientific exploration well — — Well Fushen Re 1 is expected to be drilled to 5,200m underground today (April 8th), setting a new record for geothermal exploration in China. Well Fushen Re-1 is located in Haikou City, Hainan Province. It is located in the high-temperature geothermal belt around the Pacific Ocean, one of the four high-temperature geothermal zones in the world, and it is a rich area of deep geothermal resources.
Previously, the geothermal resource reservoir with the temperature of 150 degrees Celsius was drilled in Fushen Re-1 well near 3,900 meters underground, and the geothermal reservoir with the temperature of 188.71 degrees Celsius was drilled in the depth of 5,123 meters.

5.189 million people entered and exited the country during the Qingming holiday.

On April 7, the National Immigration Bureau released data showing that during the Qingming holiday this year, a total of 5.189 million Chinese and foreign personnel entered and exited the country, an increase of 69.6% over the same period last year. Among them, mainland residents entered and exited 2.422 million people, an increase of 101.7% over the same period of last year; Foreigners entered and exited 500,000 people, an increase of 163.2% over the same period of last year; Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents entered and exited 2.267 million people, an increase of 35.9% over the same period last year.

The inspection and release hall for vehicle-mounted personnel at Hengqin Port was officially opened on the 9th.

The inspection and release hall of passenger and truck combined with one-stop lane attendant at Hengqin Port has been completed and will be officially opened on April 9. There are 22 passages in the inspection and release hall for vehicle-mounted personnel, with 11 passages in the entry and exit directions, including 8 passages for quick inspection and 3 passages for manual inspection, all of which adopt the inspection mode of "cooperative inspection and one release".

Super-long cruise ships docked in Tianjin, and nearly 2,000 international tourists started the Beijing-Tianjin tour.

On April 7th, the cruise ship "Ocean Melody" carrying nearly 2,000 tourists from all over the world docked at the home port of Tianjin International Cruise, and tourists from the United States, Canada, France and other countries officially started a two-day tour of Beijing and Tianjin. The 275-day round-the-world travel route operated by this cruise ship is the longest round-the-world route at present.

Heilongjiang: More than 500 white-headed cranes fly to Wuyuer River Nature Reserve.

Over the past few days, more than 500 national first-class protected animals, white-headed cranes, have been welcomed to Wuyuer River Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang. These cranes bow their heads in the wetlands or wander in the water, adding agility and vitality to the earth in spring. Every year, during the spring migration season, the crane stops here for more than 30 days to replenish, and then continues to fly north to the breeding ground.

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eπ008拥有时尚动感的前脸设计，进气格栅采用流线型的设计，增强了空气动力学效果。车身线条流畅，整体风格简约而不失个性，展现出强大的科技感与未来感。

eπ008车身尺寸为5002*1972*1732mm，轴距达到3025mm，车身线条流畅，展现出动感的轮廓。前后轮距均为1650mm，确保车辆的稳定性和操控性。此外，eπ008配备了265/45 R21的轮胎，搭配时尚的轮圈设计，进一步提升了整车的运动感和视觉效果。

eπ008的内饰设计现代且富有科技感，中控台上配备了一块15.6英寸的大尺寸中控屏幕，支持多媒体系统、导航、电话、空调的语音识别控制，为用户提供便捷的操作体验。方向盘采用皮质包裹，手感舒适，并具备手动上下和前后调节功能，让驾驶员能够根据自身需求调整合适的驾驶位置。前排座椅采用仿皮材质，具备加热、通风功能，并且驾驶位座椅还配备了头枕扬声器，增加舒适度和娱乐体验。座椅支持电动记忆功能，前排座椅和副驾驶位可以存储和调用预设的坐姿设置。后排座椅同样支持电动调节，包括前后移动和靠背角度调节，还配备了腿托调节，确保乘客的舒适度。第二排座椅可进行比例放倒，方便装载行李物品。此外，车内还设有多个USB和Type-C接口，为乘客提供便捷的充电需求，并且前排座椅还配备了无线充电功能，方便用户为手机充电。

eπ008搭载了一台高性能发动机，其最大功率可达200千瓦，最大扭矩为340牛·米，为车辆提供了强劲的动力输出和平顺的驾驶体验。

汽车之家车主 表示，外观真的很大气，尤其是黑色，和朋友的理想L7相比一点都不逊色。

On December 31st, Rene Liu shared the MV of the ending song "Crowd" that he sang for the movie "Crowd" in Weibo, saying: "I can sing the ending song of" Crowd "more because I know Hua Ge, and Andy Lau starred in this movie. In the crowd, we once met and missed each other. After each meeting, we will go in different directions, may meet again, may walk on different roads, and miss each other far away. Who will you meet on the last day of 2020? What do you miss? How would you sing this song in Crowd? "

Later, Wang Baoqiang forwarded this Weibo and said, "After listening to this song, I remembered the days 16 years ago, and I will always remember the companionship and encouragement my sister and Brother Hua gave me. Thank you for meeting you’. " It is reported that Wang Baoqiang met Rene Liu and Andy Lau in 2004 for filming world without thieves, in which Andy Lau played Wang Bo, Rene Liu played Wang Li and Wang Baoqiang played Silly Root. Fan comments: "Thanks for meeting, Brother Bao keeps going", "Stupid root at that time, come on".