Original Linden jizhi club　

introduction

The spread of false information has posed a considerable threat to public health and the successful control of global epidemics. Studies have found that exposure to false information may reduce the willingness to vaccinate and comply with public health guidelines. The review paper published in Nature Medicine on March 10th summarized three key directions of information Infodemic: susceptibility, transmission and immunity. It is found that although people will be deceived by false information because of negligence of information accuracy, social and political beliefs and identity structure will also affect whether it is easy to believe false information. This paper further discusses the spread of false information in social networks, and the measures to improve psychological immunity against false information. Sander van der Linden is a professor of psychology at Cambridge University, UK. His research field is social and public psychology. This paper is a full-text translation of the thesis.

Research fields: information epidemic, network communication model, false information, COVID-19 rumors, psychological prevention.

Sander van der Linden | Author

Guo Ruidong | translator

Liu Zhihang and Liang Jin | Review

Deng Yixue | Editor

Thesis title:

Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01713-6

catalogue

abstract

Introduction to false information research

I. Susceptibility

Second, communication

Third, immunity

summary

abstract

The spread of false information has posed a considerable threat to public health and the successful control of global epidemics. Studies have found that exposure to false information may reduce the willingness to vaccinate and comply with public health guidelines. The recent review paper of Nature Medicine summarizes three key directions of information Infodemic: susceptibility, transmission and immunity. Existing research has evaluated the following three questions: why some people are more susceptible to false information, how false information spreads in online social networks, and what intervention measures can help improve psychological immunity to false information. This paper discusses the significance of existing research to stop the information epidemic.

Introduction to false information research

At the beginning of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the world was falling into an information Infodemic. The information epidemic is characterized by information overload, especially full of false and misleading information. Although researchers have discussed the impact of fake news on major social events (such as political elections), the spread of false information is more likely to cause significant harm to public health, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, studies in different countries/regions show that supporting COVID-19’s false information is closely related to people’s unwillingness to follow public health guidelines [4,5,6,7], reduce vaccination and recommend vaccines to others. Experimental evidence shows that exposure to false information about vaccination will reduce the willingness of those who claim that they "will definitely accept the vaccine" by about 6%, thus weakening the group immune potential of the vaccine [8]. The analysis of social network data estimates that if there is no intervention, anti-vaccination content on social platforms such as Facebook will dominate in the next decade. Other studies have found that exposure to false information about COVID-19 is related to the increased tendency to ingest harmful substances and participate in violence. Of course, long before the COVID-19 pandemic, false information had already posed a threat to public health. The connection between the exposed MMR vaccine and autism is related to the significant decline in vaccination coverage in the UK. Listerine manufacturers lied that their mouthwash can cure the common cold for decades.False information about tobacco products has influenced people’s attitudes towards smoking. In 2014, the Ebola clinic in Liberia was attacked because people mistakenly thought that the virus was part of a government conspiracy.

In view of the unprecedented scale and speed of the spread of false information on the Internet, researchers are increasingly relying on epidemiological models to understand the spread of false news. In these models, the key focus is the reproductive number (R0)-in other words, the number of people who start publishing fake news (i.e. regenerative cases) after contacting people who have published false information (infectious individuals). Therefore, it is helpful to imagine false information as a viral pathogen, which can infect the host and spread rapidly from one person to another in a given network without physical contact. One advantage of this epidemiological method is that an early detection system can be designed to identify super communicators, so that intervention measures can be deployed in time to curb the spread of viral false information [18].

This review will provide readers with a conceptual overview of the latest literature on false information and a research agenda (Box 1), which includes three main theoretical dimensions consistent with virus analogy: susceptibility, transmission and immunity.

Box1 Future research agenda and suggestions

Research question 1: What factors make people easily misled by false information?

Better combine the accuracy drive with social, political and cultural motives to explain people’s susceptibility to wrong information.

Define, develop and validate standardized tools for assessing susceptibility to false information in general and specific fields.

Research Question 2: How does false information spread in social networks?

Draw a clearer outline of the conditions to what extent "exposure" leads to "infection", including the influence of repeated exposure, the positioning of local audience of fake news on social media, the contact with super communicators, the role of echo chamber, and the structure of social network itself.

By (1) capturing more different types of false information, and (2) linking different types of fake news risks on traditional and social media platforms, we can provide more accurate risk estimation of false information exposure at the population level.

Research question 3: Can we take measures for people or protect them from false information?

Focus on evaluating the relative effectiveness of different debunking methods in this field, and how to combine debunking (therapeutic) with preventive intervention measures to maximize its protection performance.

Modeling and evaluating how psychological inoculation (intervention) methods spread on the Internet and affect the sharing behavior on social media and in the real world.

Before reviewing the existing literature to help answer these questions, it is necessary to briefly discuss the meaning of the word "misinformation", because inconsistent definitions not only affect the conceptualization of research design, but also affect the nature and effectiveness of key outcome measurement. In fact, false information is called an all-encompassing concept [20], not only because of different definitions, but also because the behavioral consequences to public health may vary according to the types of false information. The word "fake news" is often considered problematic because it does not fully describe all kinds of false information, and it has become a politicized rhetorical device. Box 2 discusses the different academic definitions of false information in more detail, but for the purpose of this review, I will simply define false information in the broadest possible sense: "false or misleading information disguised as legitimate news", regardless of its intention. Although false information is usually different from false information, because it involves obvious intention to deceive or hurt others, and the intention may be difficult to determine, so in this review, my handling of false information will cover both intentional and unintentional forms of false information.

The Challenge of Box2 in Defining and Manipulating False Information

One of the most frequently cited definitions of false information is "fabricated information that imitates the content of news media in form, but does not imitate it in organizational process or intention" [119]. This definition means that the important factor that determines whether a story is false information is the news or editing process. Other definitions also reflect similar views, that is, producers of false information do not abide by editing norms, and the defining attribute of "falsity" occurs at the publisher level, not at the story level. However, others hold a completely different view, and they define false information either from the perspective of the authenticity of the content or from the perspective of whether there are common technologies used to make the content [109].

It can be said that some definitions are too narrow, because news reports do not need to be completely wrong to be misleading. A very prominent example comes from the Chicago Tribune, a widely trusted media, which republished an article entitled "A healthy doctor died two weeks after COVID-19 vaccine injection" in January 2021. This story will not be classified as false because of its source or content, because these events are true when considered separately. However, at the time of publication, there is no evidence to prove this causal relationship, so it is extremely misleading and even considered immoral to think that the doctor died because he was injected with COVID-19 vaccine. This is an unremarkable example. In early 2021, it was viewed more than 50 million times on Facebook [121].

Another potential challenge to the definition based on content is that when the consensus of experts on a public health problem is rapidly formed and influenced by uncertainty and change, the definition of what may be true or false may change over time, making the oversimplified classification of "true" and "false" a potentially unstable attribute. For example, although the news media initially claimed that ibuprofen would add symptoms of re-crown, this statement was later withdrawn as more evidence appeared. The problem is that researchers often ask people whether they can accurately or reliably identify a series of true or false news headlines, which are either created by researchers according to different definitions of false information or screened by them.

There are also differences in the measurement of the results; Sometimes, the relevant result measurement standard is the susceptibility of false information, and sometimes it is the difference between true and false news detection, or the so-called "truth recognition". The only existing tool to use the title set verified by psychometrics is the recent "false information susceptibility test", which is a measurement method for news authenticity recognition and standardized according to the test group. On the whole, this means that hundreds of new special studies on false information are emerging, and the results are not standardized and not always easy to compare.

I. Susceptibility

Although people use many cognitive heuristics to judge the truth of a claim (for example, the credibility of the perceived source), there is a particularly prominent discovery that can help explain why people are easily influenced by false information. This discovery is called the "illusory truth effect": repeated assertions are more likely to be judged as true than non-repeated (or novel) assertions. Because mass media, politicians and social media influencers often repeat many false facts, the credibility of illusory truth has greatly increased. For example, the conspiracy theory that Covid-19 was made by bioengineering in a military laboratory in Wuhan, China, and the false statement that "COVID-19 is no worse than the flu" have repeatedly appeared in the media. People tend to think that repeated claims are correct. The main cognitive mechanism is called processing fluency: the more a claim is repeated, the more familiar it becomes and the easier it is to deal with. In other words, the brain uses fluency as a signal to show the truth. The research shows that: (1) prior contact with fake news will increase its perceived accuracy; (2) For specious claims, illusory truth may appear; (3) Transcendental knowledge may not protect people from illusory truth; (4) Unreal truth does not seem to be influenced by the way of thinking, such as analytical or intuitive reasoning.

Although illusory truth can affect everyone, research shows that some people are still more susceptible to false information than others. For example, some common findings include the observation that the elderly are more susceptible to fake news, which may be caused by factors such as cognitive decline and unfamiliarity with digital technology, although there are exceptions: facing COVID-19, the elderly seem unlikely to recognize false information. Those with more extreme and right-wing political tendencies have always shown that they are more susceptible to false information, even if it is non-political. However, in different cultural backgrounds, the connection between ideology and being misled is not always consistent. Other factors, such as higher numerical operation ability, cognitive and analytical thinking mode [36,40,41], are negatively related to the susceptibility to false information, although other scholars have identified partisanship as a potential regulatory factor [42,43,44]. In fact, these individual differences lead to two competing overall theoretical explanations of why people are easily misled. The first theory is usually called the classic "negligence" (inattention) theory; The second theory is usually called "identity protection" or "motivational cognition" theory. I will discuss the new evidence of these two theories in turn.

1.1 negligence explanation

Inattention account or classical reasoning theory holds that people are committed to sharing accurate content, but the social media environment will distract people’s attention and make them unable to make a decision to share news according to their preference for accuracy. For example, considering that people are often bombarded by online news content, most of which are emotional and political, and people have limited time and resources to think about the authenticity of a news, it may seriously interfere with their ability to accurately analyze these contents. The explanation of inattention draws lessons from the dual-process theory of human cognition, that is, people rely on two essentially different reasoning processes. They are system 1, which is mainly automatic, associative and intuitive, and system 2, which is more reflective, analytical and thoughtful. A typical example is the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), which gives a series of difficult problems. When faced with these difficult problems, people’s intuition or first answer is often wrong, and the correct answer requires people to stop and think more carefully. The basic point is that activating more analytical system type 2 reasoning can transcend the wrong system type 1 intuition. The evidence of negligent explanation comes from the fact that those who scored higher on CRT tests [36,41], those with stronger thinking ability [48] and those with stronger mathematical ability [4],People with higher knowledge and education [37,49] can better distinguish between true and false news [36] regardless of whether the news content is consistent politically. In addition, experimental intervention measures enable people to better think analytically or consider the accuracy of news content [50,51]. It has been proved that these measures can improve people’s decision-making quality of sharing news and reduce people’s acceptance of conspiracy theories [52].

1.2 Motivation reasoning explanation

In sharp contrast to negligence, the theory of (political) motivation reasoning [53,54,55] holds that lack of information or reflective reasoning is not the main driving force for susceptibility to false information. Motivational reasoning occurs when a person starts the reasoning process with a predetermined goal (for example, someone may want to believe that the vaccine is unsafe because their family members share this belief), so the individual will interpret new (false) information to achieve that goal. Therefore, the motivated reasoning account holds that people’s loyalty to groups that have affinity with them is the reason why they selectively approve media content that can strengthen deep-rooted political, religious or social identity. There are several variants of politically motivated reasoning, but the basic premise is that people pay attention not only to the accuracy of news content, but also to the goals that this information may serve. For example, when a fake news happens to provide positive information about someone’s political group or negative information about a political opponent, the news will be regarded as more credible. A more extreme and scientifically controversial version of this model, also known as "motivated numeracy" [59], shows more reflection and analysis, that is, the reasoning ability of System 2 can’t help people make more accurate assessments, but in fact it is often hijacked to serve identity-based reasoning.The evidence of this statement comes from the fact that on controversial scientific issues, such as climate change [60] or stem cell research [61], people with the highest computing ability and education level have the greatest differences. Experiments also show that when people are asked to make causal inferences about a data problem (such as the benefits of a new rash treatment), people with strong computing skills perform better on non-political issues. In contrast, when the same data is presented as a new research result of gun control, people become more extreme and inaccurate. These patterns are more obvious in people with higher computing power. Other studies have found that politically conservative individuals are more likely to (wrongly) judge false information from conservative media than from free media, and vice versa for political liberals-which highlights the key role of politics in distinguishing the truth from the false information [62].

1.3 Susceptibility: Limitations and Future Research

It is worth mentioning that both of these statements are facing great criticism and restrictions. For example, the independent replication experiment of intervention measures aimed at improving accuracy revealed different results [63], and questioned the conceptualization of partisan bias in these studies [43], including the possibility that the intervention effect was influenced by people’s political identity [44]. On the other hand, there are several failed and inconsistent repeated experiments in motivation reasoning theory [64,65,66]. For example, a national representative large-scale study in the United States shows that although the polarization of global warming among party members with the highest education level at the baseline level is indeed the most serious, by emphasizing the scientific consensus on global warming [66], experimental intervention measures offset or even reverse this influence. These findings lead to a greater confusion. In the literature of motivational reasoning, partisanship may only be due to selective contact, not motivational reasoning [66,67,68]. This is because the role of politics is confused with people’s previous beliefs. Although people are polarized on many issues, it does not mean that they are unwilling to update their (misguided) beliefs based on evidence. In addition, people may refuse to update their beliefs, not because they refuse the motivation reasoning of information, but simply because they think that the information is not credible, or because they ignore the authenticity of the information source or the content itself. This "equivalence paradox"[69] makes it difficult for us to separate the accuracy from the preference based on motivation.

Therefore, future research should not only carefully manipulate people’s motivation to deal with politically inconsistent (false) information, but also provide a more comprehensive theoretical explanation of the susceptibility to false information. For example, for political fake news, identity motivation may be more prominent; However, mechanisms such as lack of knowledge, negligence or confusion are more likely to play a role in dealing with false information about depoliticized issues (such as lies about treating the common cold). Of course, public health issues such as Covid-19 may be politicized relatively quickly. In this case, the importance of motivational reasoning in aggravating the susceptibility to false information may increase. Accuracy preference and motivation reasoning often conflict. For example, people may understand that a news story is unlikely to be true, but if false information promotes the goals of their social groups, they may be more inclined to give up their desire for accuracy and pursue motives that conform to their community norms. In other words, in any particular context, the importance people attach to accuracy and social goals will determine how and when they update their beliefs based on false information. When explaining why people are easily influenced by false information, paying attention to the interaction between accuracy and social and political goals can gain many benefits.

Second, communication

2.1 Measuring the information epidemic

Back to the analogy with viruses, researchers adopted epidemiological models, such as susceptibility-infection-rehabilitation (SIR) model, to measure and quantify the spread of false information in online social networks. In this case, R0 often represents those who start publishing fake news after contacting people who have been infected. When R0 is greater than 1, false information will increase exponentially and spread to form an information epidemic. When R0 is less than 1, the information epidemic will eventually die out. The analysis of social media platforms shows that all these platforms are likely to promote the spread of similar information epidemics, but some platforms are more likely than others. For example, research on Twitter found that fake news is 70% more likely to be shared than real news, and it takes six times as long for real news to spread to 1,500 people. Although fake news spreads faster and deeper than real news, it must be emphasized that these findings are based on a relatively narrow definition of news after fact checking. Recent studies have pointed out that these estimates are likely to be related to the platform.

More importantly, some studies have shown that fake news usually represents only a small part of all media consumption, and the spread of false information on social media is highly distorted. A small number of accounts are responsible for sharing and consuming most of the content, and these accounts are also called "super sharers" and "super consumers" [3,24,73]. Although most of these studies came from the political field, they also found very similar results in the context of COVID-19’s popularity. During this period, the super communicators on Twitter and Facebook had a great influence on the platform. One of the main problems is the existence of echo chamber, in which the flow of information is often systematically biased towards like-minded people. Although the infection of echo chamber is controversial, the research shows that the existence of this polarized group encourages the spread of false information and hinders the spread of error correction information.

2.2 Contact does not mean infection.

Contact estimation based on social media data is often inconsistent with people’s self-reported experiences. According to different opinion polls, more than one third of people report frequent contact with false information (if not daily contact). Of course, the effectiveness of people’s self-reported experiences may be different, but it raises the question of the accuracy of contact estimation, which is often based on limited public data and may be sensitive to model assumptions. In addition, a key factor to consider here is that contact does not mean persuasion (or "infection"). For example, the study of news headlines in COVID-19 shows that people’s judgment on the authenticity of headlines has little influence on their sharing intention. Therefore, people may choose to share false information for reasons other than accuracy. For example, a recent study found that people often share content that looks "if it is really interesting". This study shows that although people think fake news is not accurate enough, they think fake news is more interesting than real news, so they are willing to share it.

2.3 Communication: Limitations and Future Research

The research on "communication" faces great limitations, including the key gap in knowledge. People are skeptical about the ratio from contact with false information to beginning to truly believe false information, because the research on media and persuasion effect shows that it is difficult to convince people with traditional advertisements. However, the existing research often uses artificial laboratory designs, which may not fully represent the decision-making environment for people to make news sharing. For example, studies often test whether false information from different societies and traditional media spreads after one-time contact with a single information. Therefore, we need to better understand the frequency and intensity of contact with false information that eventually leads to persuasion. Most studies also rely on publicly available data shared or clicked by people, but people may be exposed to more information and more influenced by information when scrolling social media streams. In addition, fake news is usually conceptualized as a URL list that is verified to be true or false by facts, but this type of fake news only represents a small part of false information; People may be more likely to encounter misleading or manipulative content than obvious false content. Finally, micro-targeting efforts will greatly improve the ability of false information makers to identify and lock in the most easily persuaded individual subgroups [83]. In short, more research is needed to draw an accurate and effective conclusion on the possibility of infection (that is, persuasion) caused by horizontal exposure to false information.

Third, immunity

A rapidly emerging research direction is to evaluate the possibility of protecting the public from false information at the cognitive level. I will classify these studies according to whether their application is mainly prevention (pre-exposure) or treatment (post-exposure).

3.1 Treatment: fact checking and revealing the truth.

Traditional and standard methods to deal with false information usually include correcting lies after people have been persuaded by a piece of false information. For example, revealing false information about autism intervention measures has been proved to be effective in reducing support for treatments without evidence support (such as dieting) [84]. Access to the court-mandated corrective advertisements on the link between smoking and diseases in the tobacco industry [85] can increase knowledge and reduce misunderstandings about smoking. In a randomized controlled trial, a video effectively debunks several misunderstandings about vaccination and reduces some influential misunderstandings, such as the misconceptions that vaccines can cause autism or reduce the strength of the natural immune system. Meta-analysis unanimously found that the intervention measures of fact checking and revealing the truth are effective, including cracking down on false information that is harmful to health on social media.

However, not all medical misunderstandings can be corrected equally. In fact, these analyses also point out that the effectiveness of intervention will decline significantly with the following factors: (1) the quality of refutation, (2) the passage of time, and (3) previous beliefs and ideologies. For example, the above-mentioned studies on autism and smoking correction advertisements were ineffective after 1 week and 6 weeks of follow-up, respectively. When designing corrections, it is usually not enough to simply mark information as false or incorrect, because correcting false information through simple withdrawal can’t make people understand why information is false and what the facts are. Therefore, the advice to practitioners is often to write more detailed materials to expose the truth. A review of the literature shows that [91,92], the best practices of designing and debunking false information include:

1. Tell the truth first;

2. Appeal to scientific consensus and authoritative expert resources;

3. Ensure that the correction is easy to obtain and is no more complicated than the original false information;

4. Clearly explain why false information is false;

5. Provide a coherent alternative causal explanation (Figure 1).

Although there is a general lack of comparative research, some recent studies show that optimizing the way to expose information according to these criteria will improve the effect compared with other or business-as-usual methods [84].

Figure 1. Best practice suggestions for effectively exposing false information. An effective information to expose the truth should start with facts and be presented in a simple and unforgettable way. Then you should warn the audience about false information (don’t repeat this false information). Then identify and expose the manipulation techniques used to mislead people. Finally, repeat the facts and emphasize the correct explanation.

3.2 Revealing the Truth: Limitations and Future Research

Despite these advances, people still express great concern about the application of this kind of "therapeutic" correction afterwards, especially the risk of "backfire effect", and people eventually believe more false information because of the correction. This counterproductive effect can occur through two potential dimensions [92,93], one of which involves the psychological response to correction itself (backfire effect of "world outlook"), and the other involves the repetition of false information (backfire effect caused by "familiarity"). Although early research supports the fact that, for example, correcting false information about influenza and MMR vaccine may make individuals who have been concerned about these things more hesitant about the decision to vaccinate, recent research has found no evidence to prove the backfire effect of this world view. In fact, although the evidence of backfire effect is still widely cited, recent repeated experiments failed to reproduce this effect when correcting false information about vaccines. Therefore, although this effect may exist, its frequency and intensity are not as common as previously thought.

We can also design a way that is consistent with the audience’s worldview rather than conflicting to expose false information, so as to minimize the backfire effect at the worldview level. Nevertheless, because exposing lies means imposing a rhetorical framework on the audience, in this framework, in order to correct false information, it is necessary to repeat these false information (that is, refute other people’s statements), so there is a risk that this repetition will enhance people’s familiarity with false information, and people will not be able to correct it in long-term memory later. Although studies clearly show that people are more likely to believe repeated (false) information than non-repeated (false) information, recent studies have found that the risk of ironically strengthening a false information is relatively small when exposing a lie, especially when the information that exposes the lie is highlighted relative to the false information. Therefore, the current consensus is that although practitioners should be aware of the risk of backfire, considering that these side effects are rare, they should not prevent the release of correction information.

Having said that, there are two other noteworthy problems that limit the effectiveness of the treatment. First of all, retrospective correction will not be known to as many people as the initial false information. For example, it is estimated that only about 40% of smokers have received the correction information ordered by the tobacco industry court [98]. Another related concern is that people will continue to make inferences based on lies even after receiving the corrected information [92]. This phenomenon is called "persistent influence of false information", and meta-analysis has found strong evidence of persistent influence effect in a wide range of situations [88,89].

3.3 Preventive Measures: Psychological Prevention Theory of False Information

Therefore, researchers have recently begun to explore preventive or preemptive measures to deal with false information, that is, to act before individuals come into contact with or reach the "infectious" state. Although "precaution" is a more general term, it is used to refer to the intervention measures that remind people to "think twice before publishing events" [51], but this self-reminding does not enable people to have any new skills to identify and resist false information. The most common framework to prevent harmful persuasion is psychological prevention theory (Figure 2)[100,101].

The theory of psychological prevention follows the medical analogy and assumes that just as vaccines trigger antibody production to help acquire immunity against future infections, this can also be achieved at the information level. By pre-emptive warning and exposing people to seriously weakened false information (plus strong refutation), people can cultivate cognitive resistance to future false information. Psychological prevention theory plays a role through two mechanisms, namely, (1) motive threat (a desire to protect oneself from manipulation attack) and (2) refuting pre-emptive strike (an example of attack weakened by prior contact). For example, the study found that vaccinating people before (rather than after) exposure to conspiracy theories to prevent conspiracy arguments about vaccines effectively increased the willingness to vaccinate. Recent reviews [102,104] and meta-analysis [105] point out that psychological prevention is a powerful strategy, which can gain immunity to false information, and has many applications in the health field, such as helping people form immunity to false information of mammography in breast cancer screening.

Figure 2. Psychological prevention includes two core components: (1) warning people in advance that they may be misled (activating the psychological "immune system"); (2) Exposing false information (strategy) in advance, exposing people to seriously weakened false information, coupled with strong counterattack and refutation (producing cognitive "antibodies"). Once people gain immunity, they can indirectly spread the "vaccine" to others through offline and online interaction.

In particular, some recent progress is worth noting. First of all, the field of psychological prevention has shifted from narrow-spectrum or fact-based prevention to broad-spectrum or technology-based immunity [102,108]. The reason behind this change is that although we can synthesize a seriously weakened false information from the existing false information (and then strongly refute this weakened information), it is difficult to expand the scale of psychological prevention if this process must be repeated for every false information. On the contrary, scholars have begun to identify the common components of false information more generally, including impersonating experts and doctors, manipulating people’s emotions with fear, and using conspiracy theories and other techniques. It is found that people can resist these potential routines through psychological prevention, so people’s immunity will be relatively enhanced for a series of false information using these strategies. This process is sometimes called cross-protection. Inoculating people with a strain can prevent related or different strains from adopting the same false information strategy.

The second progress is about the application of active prevention and passive prevention. The traditional prevention process is passive, because people will get specific rebuttal information from experimenters in advance, while the active prevention process encourages people to produce their own "antibodies". Perhaps the most famous example of active prevention is the popular gamification prevention intervention, such as in the games Bad News and GoViral! In [110], the player plays the role of a false information producer, and is influenced by common strategies used to spread false information in a simulated social media environment. As part of this process, players actively generate their own media content and reveal manipulation techniques. It is found that when people (1) realize that they are easily persuaded and (2) perceive improper intentions to manipulate their opinions, they will resist deception. Therefore, these games aim to reveal the vulnerability of people’s cognition and stimulate the spontaneity of individuals by contacting with weak doses of false information in advance, so as to protect themselves from the influence of false information. Randomized controlled trials have found that active prevention games can help people identify false information [38,110,113,114], enhance people’s confidence and insight into the truth [110,113], and reduce the sharing of false information reported by themselves. However, like many biological vaccines, studies have found that psychological immunity will weaken over time, but it can be maintained for several months through regular "booster shots". One of the benefits of this research is that as a member of the World Health Organization,As part of the "Stop The Spread" campaign and the "Verified" initiative of the United Nations and the British government, these gamification interventions have been evaluated and promoted by millions of people.

3.4 Preventive Measures: Limitations and Future Research

One potential limitation is that although false information has appeared repeatedly throughout history (considering the similarity between the false information that vaccinia vaccine will turn people into cattle hybrids and the conspiracy theory that COVID-19 vaccine will change human DNA), psychological prevention really needs at least some advance knowledge about the false information that people may come into contact with in the future. In addition, because medical workers are being trained to fight against false information, it is important to avoid terminology confusion when fighting against vaccine suspicion through psychological prevention. For example, this method can be implemented without a clear analogy with vaccination, focusing on the value of "prevention" and helping people expose manipulation techniques.

Several other important open problems still exist. For example, similar to the recent progress in the application of therapeutic vaccines in experimental medicine: therapeutic vaccines can still enhance the immune response after infection-studies have found that psychological prevention can still protect people from false information even if they have been exposed to false information [108,112,118]. This is conceptually meaningful, because it shows that it may take a long time to repeatedly contact with false information before it can be completely convinced by false information or integrated with previous attitudes. However, there is still no clear conceptual boundary between the transition from therapeutic vaccination to traditional debunking the truth.

In addition, although active prevention and passive prevention are relatively close [105,110], the evidence base of active prevention is still relatively small. Similarly, although studies comparing prevention with debunking the truth show that prevention is indeed better than post-treatment treatment, more comparative studies are needed. The study also found that it is possible for people to post information about psychological prevention on interpersonal or social media. This process is called "post-inoculation talk" [104], which implies the possibility of group immunity in online communities [110], but there is no social network simulation to evaluate the potential of psychological prevention. The current research is also based on self-reported false information sharing. Future research needs to evaluate the extent to which psychological prevention can spread among people and affect the objective news sharing behavior on social media.

summary

The spread of false information undermines the efforts of public health work, from vaccination to public compliance with health protection behaviors. It is found that although people are sometimes deceived by misleading information because of their negligence and insufficient attention to the accuracy of information on social media, the politicized nature of many public health problems shows that people will also strengthen important social and political beliefs and identity structures by doing so, thus believing and sharing false information. We need a more comprehensive framework, which is sensitive to different backgrounds and can explain different susceptibility to false information according to how people give priority to accuracy and social motivation when judging the authenticity of news media. Although "exposure" does not mean "infection", false information can spread rapidly on the Internet, and its spread often benefits from the existence of political echo room. However, it is important that a lot of false information on social media often comes from influential accounts and super communicators. Both therapeutic methods and preventive methods have proved that some success has been achieved in fighting against false information. However, in view of the persistent influence after exposure to false information, preventive methods are of great value, and more research is needed to determine how to best combine exposure and prevention. We should also encourage further research to outline the psychological principles and potential challenges behind the application of epidemiological models to understand the spread of false information. A major challenge in this field in the future will be to clearly define how to measure and conceptualize false information, and to need standardized psychometric tools to better compare the results of various studies.

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Latest papers on complex science

Since the express column of papers in the top journals of Chi Zhi Ban Tu was launched, it has continuously collected the latest papers from top journals such as Nature and Science, and tracked the frontier progress in complex systems, network science, computational social science and other fields.

Original title: Overview of Information Epidemiology: Susceptibility, Dissemination and Immunity of False Information

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"The charge and replacement fee of 300 yuan per month, 150 yuan’s accident insurance premium, and an electric car can take delivery."

Gao Hu, born in 1991, worked in a brand beverage factory in his hometown of Liaoning before coming to Beijing, and once earned 4,000 yuan a month.

"The income here is higher than that in my hometown, and the threshold is lower. I have also seen people with disabilities such as deaf-mutes come to deliver takeout. Anyone can do it, that is, earning more and earning less." Takeaway rider Gao Hu said.

Not only in Gao Hu, according to the latest figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2021, there were 200 million flexible employees in China, including about 13 million take-away riders, accounting for nearly 1% of the national population base.

Flexible forms of employment, such as take-away riders, have expanded employment capacity and played a role as a reservoir. At the same time, the topic of social security for related people has been constantly discussed, such as no "five insurances and one gold", lack of insurance protection, repeated non-growth labor, unclear path of subsequent career development, and no promotion channel … In the opinion of experts, the relationship between flexible employees and platform enterprises exists in various forms, such as labor dispatch, contracting and agency. Labor relations are complex, and platform enterprises bear different social security responsibilities, so the protection of the rights and interests of new employees has become the most difficult problem to solve.

In recent years, the relevant state departments have continuously attached importance to the protection of labor rights and interests of the relevant groups, clearly put forward the standardization of employment, and made clear the responsibility of safeguarding workers’ rights and interests; Improve the system and fill the shortcomings in the protection of workers’ rights and interests; Guiding opinions such as improving efficiency and optimizing workers’ rights and interests protection services. However, safeguarding the labor rights and interests of the flexible employment population is complicated, and it must keep pace with the times. It also needs the platform and relevant departments to jointly promote it.

Riders are the "hands and feet" and "reservoirs" of platform economy, which may lead to unfair competition.

In July, 2021, Gao Hu became a "takeaway rider". In Gao Hu’s view, he ran a special delivery tour with flexible working hours and higher salary than his hometown. "10:00-14:00, 17:00-21:00, you must be online, and you can control yourself in other time periods. You run more than 40 orders every day and earn more than 9,000 yuan a month, compared with 4,000 yuan a month in your hometown. Dry takeaway earns more than the factory. "

Flexible and free work is a big reason why many people engage in take-away riders. Liu Hua, born in 1981, is a native of Miyun, Beijing. Before that, Liu Hua worked as a seller in a home store, and she chose to take delivery six months ago, also because this industry is simple and free. "There are too many meetings and rules in the mall, and we have to choose the sideline team. Finally, we will come to the US group to take out the team list."

The higher income than their hometown has also attracted many people to Beijing to join the army of takeaway riders. Born in Liu Yi in 2001, I worked as a KTV night service in my hometown in Hebei before I was hungry. "The main reason is that the salary in my hometown is too low, only 4,000 yuan a month; So I came to Beijing to run a takeaway. After all, this job is flexible and free. "

This job has also given many people the opportunity of short-term transitional life. Xu Hang, born in 2003, is from Chongqing, and will graduate from higher vocational education this year. He is in the internship period. He feels that the cost of living in the internship position arranged by the school is too high, and he is not interested in his major. He heard that the take-away industry makes a lot of money, so he wants to experience the work of a take-away rider.

Compared with special delivery, crowdsourcing is more free Li Jian introduced that the advantage of crowdsourcing is that it can work more flexibly. "For example, if there are no elevators in nearby communities, I will not take orders for high-rise buildings directly, so I don’t have to climb the stairs at all at the end of the day." He also said that I am used to crowdsourcing riders, and I can’t stand the constraints. I can rest at any time when it is windy and rainy, and the rider may have to go to work, and the afternoon peak must be online.

The inclusiveness of the profession has allowed the scale of take-away riders to continue to expand. From the data such as Meituan’s financial report alone, the total number of riders who earn income through Meituan’s platform has increased from more than 2.2 million in 2017 to 5.27 million in 2021. The number of people who are newly employed, including take-away riders and courier brothers, is far more than that. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2021, the number of flexible employees in China has reached 200 million.

Flexible employment can be seen everywhere. Li Zhiqi, deputy director of the Economic Committee of the Beijing Municipal Political Consultative Conference, vice chairman of the Beijing Federation of Industry and Commerce, and chairman of the revitalization international think tank, believes that "the flexible employment groups such as take-away riders are the direct practitioners of the platform economy and the most important front-line executives of the platform economy. They are the hands and feet of the platform economy. Without them, the platform as a brain will not work, and its importance is beyond doubt."

Li Yan, dean of the same city recruitment research institute, told the Beijing News Shell Finance reporter that flexible employment is a new flexible employment mode. No matter the flexibility of time and quantity of workers, the flexibility of employment form or management mode, the threshold of the concept of "employment" has been lowered, the employment category has been broadened, and more workers can be absorbed. Flexible employment provides more choices for further deepening mass employment and entrepreneurship.

The report "Talent Flow and Migration 2022" shows that more than half of the people in the workplace want to use their professional skills to "earn extra money". Wang Qian, co-founder of Pulse, said that as far as flexible employment is concerned, freelancing is not affiliated with any organization and has high flexibility in working time and place, which is conducive to ensuring work-life balance and carrying out various career development and life experiences.

The vice president of capital university of economics and business Institute of Labor Economics talked from more angles. From the perspective of employment, flexible forms of employment, such as take-away riders, have expanded employment capacity and played a role as a reservoir. From the perspective of the labor market, this part of employment has also produced unfair competition effect, because the platform operators and other operators bear lower tax burden and social security costs, which indirectly leads to inequality with formal employment enterprises; It has also led to the problems of difficult and expensive recruitment in the formal employment field.

The "Freedom Trap" of Linggong;Only pay work-related injury insurance, and salary disputes frequently occur.

Flexible employment only has the advantages of freedom of work? In fact, Liu Hua found that although the take-away industry is simple and free, it also faces the situation of not being respected. "After receiving the order from the platform, the customer will call me and buy some other goods by the way. If you don’t bring it, you will be complained. If you complain, you will be fined. There are also some communities that will open a special channel for takeaway riders and feel discriminated against. "

In addition to the low sense of professional identity, labor rights and interests are not perfect. "Five insurances and one gold should be a must. There are many people in the country who are like take-away riders. After a few years, what should these people do after they are 40-50 years old? If the family is seriously ill, they can’t even afford money. Moreover, the probability of traffic accidents is also high. " Liu Hua believes that the platform has really facilitated the people and solved many employment problems. However, most of the people who run takeout have low academic qualifications and poor family conditions.

During the interview, the Beijing News Shell Finance reporter learned that at present, take-away riders are mainly divided into special delivery and crowdsourcing. Basically, they do not sign contracts directly with the platform, and most of them are dispatched by third-party companies, and no matter whether they are special delivery or crowdsourcing, take-away riders do not have five insurances and one gold, and generally only pay work-related injury insurance.

In January last year, Han, a crowdsourcing rider, died suddenly on the way to delivery. Because he did not sign a labor contract directly with the platform, the platform was only willing to provide humanitarian compensation of 2,000 yuan to his family, which triggered a heated discussion in society. After the platform, the amount of sudden death protection was raised to 600,000 yuan. Although the incident has already come to an end, the fate and behind of the takeaway rider; The security of flexible employees has become one of the topics of great concern to the public.

Deng Jianbo, founder and CEO of Youth League, a flexible employment recruitment service platform, told the Beijing News Shell Finance reporter that due to the short working cycle, flexible workers generally do not sign labor contracts, which is more prone to salary disputes, and it is difficult to be supported after disputes. At the same time, in terms of insurance, the process of both individual purchase and enterprise purchase is complicated, resulting in a low purchase ratio. On the whole, the salary guarantee and life insurance guarantee of flexible employees are relatively general.

An industry insider who uses a flexible employment intermediary platform is also rethinking the intermediary model. "Platforms like Meituan and SF can increase employment, so that some people can receive jobs and earn income. However, similar employment intermediary platforms serve (Meituan, Shunfeng) platforms, and the way to solve (reduce) the labor cost of the upstream platform by self-employed mode and harm the rights and interests of workers (riders) remains to be discussed. The so-called failure to create any jobs refers to these fiscal and taxation solution platforms, not to Meituan and Shunfeng. "

However, Wang Feng wants social security, because social security has been paid in the work system before, and many riders "don’t need" but actually "don’t know". For example, Liu Yigang has only been in contact with this job for more than half a month, and he is not clear about the unit price and social security of the job. "I just did it soon, and I didn’t attend the regular meeting of the site at 9: 00 in the morning. The specific guarantee is not clear."

"Many riders will think that they have worked hard for such a long time, and as a result, they have deducted so much money into the social security account in one month. If they don’t work, they can’t find a place to ask for this money. They are definitely not happy in their hearts. It is better to get all the money directly and be practical in their hearts." The rider Fang Duanxin said that many riders need to see cash, and the platform can basically withdraw cash immediately.

Gao Hu also paid little attention to this part and paid more attention to real income. "Takeaway can’t last a lifetime. A long three to five years or a short year or two is a transition. For example, I earn 10,000 now, and I may have 8,000 left after paying five insurances and one gold, but I have paid five insurances and one gold for only a few years, which will not be consistent. "

Scope, vice president of capital university of economics and business Institute of Labor Economics, believes that "at present, most flexible employees are not included in the scope of labor law protection, so the relationship between them and the employment platform is adjusted according to civil legal norms. From a practical point of view, flexible employment groups such as take-away riders do not have much problems in terms of labor remuneration, but their working hours are generally too long; Take-away riders use vehicles for a long time, and security is a problem; In social insurance, industrial injury insurance is insufficient, and there will be problems in medical care and old-age care in the future. "

The protection of the rights and interests of newly employed people is the most difficult to solve, and individuals with unclear labor relations are under pressure.

As mentioned above, the discussion on labor relations of flexible employment has a long history. "The relationship between these practitioners and platform enterprises exists in many forms, such as labor dispatch, contracting and agency. Labor relations are complex, and platform enterprises bear different social security responsibilities, so the protection of the rights and interests of new employees has become the most difficult problem to solve. " Li Zhiqi mentioned.

According to the definition of flexible employment in China Renmin University’s China Flexible Employment Development Report (2022), in a broad sense, it is the employment arrangement of human resources allocation in ways other than standard employment, which is mainly divided into labor dispatch, business outsourcing, human resources outsourcing, Internet platform employment, traditional odd jobs (part-time employment, part-time employment, daily employment, self-employment cooperation) and internships.

The report also mentioned that in the traditional part-time jobs, part-time jobs, daily settlement, and more labour relation, dependent self-employment are mostly cooperative relationships, and only part-time employment is defined as labor relations. However, in this employment scenario, enterprises only need to pay work-related injury insurance for part-time workers, and do not need to pay economic compensation when terminating employment relations, so the employment flexibility is high.

The employment forms of Internet platforms are relatively complicated. Some platforms (and third-party organizations) are involved in production management, so workers have strong subordination to platforms (and third-party organizations), and there are substantial labor relations. However, most platform employees belong to the labor/business contracting relationship or "the situation that labor relations are not completely established but enterprises manage workers".　

Li Yan, president of 58 City Recruitment Research Institute, also said, "China’s flexible employment is still in its infancy. In the case of unclear labor relations and imperfect social security system, the pressures and risks that social individuals need to bear in flexible employment are various. For example, take-away workers may have to face labor disputes in three aspects: platform, merchants and customers at the same time. In addition, there are still shortcomings in employment safety and satisfaction, and even they cannot be completely independent in improving employment skills."

Fortunately, these relationships are being clarified at present. In July 2021, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and other eight departments issued the "Guiding Opinions on Safeguarding the Labor Security Rights and Interests of Workers in New Employment Forms", which mentioned that enterprises should conclude labor contracts with workers according to law if they meet the conditions of establishing labor relations. If the enterprise does not fully conform to the situation of establishing labor relations, but the enterprise manages the laborers (hereinafter referred to as the situation of not fully conforming to the situation of establishing labor relations), it shall guide the enterprise to conclude a written agreement with the laborers to reasonably determine the rights and obligations of the enterprise and the laborers. Individuals rely on the platform to independently carry out business activities and engage in freelance work, and adjust the rights and obligations of both parties in accordance with civil laws.　

In recent years, relevant departments have also continuously promoted the protection of labor security rights and interests of workers in new employment forms. During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress in 2022, the "Government Work Report" also proposed to strengthen flexible employment services, improve social security policies for flexible employment, and carry out pilot projects for occupational injury protection in new employment forms.

Relevant work has also been strengthened in various places, and many services have been launched in cities such as Beijing, where workers in new employment forms are concentrated. Relevant personnel of the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions told the Beijing News Shell Finance reporter that in September 2021, the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions issued the "Implementation Plan for the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions to Promote the Work of Trade Unions in New Formats and New Employment Groups" and introduced 10 measures to give full play to the role of trade unions as a bridge between the party and the workers, and earnestly safeguard the labor security rights and interests of new formats and new employment groups.

Recently, relevant personnel of the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions introduced that since June last year, the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions has promoted 17 Internet platform head enterprises such as JD.COM, Meituan and Didi, and 14 brand express delivery enterprises such as SF Express and "Three Links and One Reach" to establish trade union organizations, and accumulated 274,000 new employment form workers; More than 9,000 outdoor workers’ warm-hearted stations have been built; Provide five free guarantees such as major diseases and accidental injuries for workers and other groups with new employment forms.

Flexible employment needs to keep pace with the times, and the labor cost of regular employment should be properly balanced.　

As the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security said, in recent years, the platform economy has developed rapidly, creating a large number of employment opportunities. The number of new employment forms such as online delivery agents, online car drivers, truck drivers, and internet marketers who rely on the Internet platform for employment has increased significantly, and safeguarding workers’ labor security rights and interests is facing new situations and new problems.　

Dealing with these matters must keep pace with the times. Li Zhiqi believes that flexible employment can’t be solved by the platform simply because of the different structure of labor relations. However, from the perspective of corporate social responsibility, the platform should guide partners to standardize the labor rights and interests of employed people. At the same time, the new format has new characteristics, and all parties need to work together to improve relevant systems and laws to protect the legitimate labor rights and interests of all types of employed people.

The scope indicates that from the perspective of improving the social security of relevant employment groups, it is necessary to solve the problem of occupational injury protection for flexible employment groups such as takeaway riders and courier brothers. Of course, there are preconditions for occupational injury protection, so it is necessary to strengthen the protection responsibility of the platform in terms of safety production, occupational safety and hygiene in operation and management, including providing corresponding occupational injury protection.

"From the perspective of governing the country according to law, it is necessary to properly balance the labor costs of flexible employment and formal employment, and the labor costs of the two forms of employment should not be too different because of institutional reasons. At present, there are some abnormal phenomena in the employment market, and some employed people give up formal employment and engage in flexible employment because of considering the immediate economic interests. In the future, in the field of social security, flexible employment should also share responsibilities appropriately. " Scope mentioned.

"The unit price of flash delivery is high, and the journey is long, which earns much more than takeaway." Gao Hu revealed that he has offered to leave his job and intends to run a flash. "I can save 6,000 yuan every month. After working in Beijing for a few more years, I can go back to second-and third-tier cities to pay the down payment to buy a house, marry and have children; I can still drive a van and live. This profession just has no sense of belonging in the short term. "

For many people, becoming a rider is just a transitional occupation, which also reflects the common problems in flexible employment, that is, the subsequent career development path is unknown and there is no promotion channel.

Li Yan said that to ensure the protection of workers’ rights and interests, the first step is to further optimize the three-tier adjustment model of labor law, reconstruct the functional division of labor law and civil law, and create a more benign and legal environment for the healthy development of flexible employment; Secondly, establish a vocational training system for flexible employment and open up more career paths for flexible employees; Finally, improve the occupational social insurance system for flexible employees and provide more employment security for flexible employment groups.

Under the guidance of local human and social departments, according to Liu Xinyang, vice president of Hungry, the platform is promoting the vocational skills upgrading training of the new format of "network delivery staff" nationwide. The course includes abnormal handling of distribution, cleaning and disinfection of lunch boxes, etc. There are both online teaching and practical teaching classes, and you can also receive special government subsidies after the training.

In the second half of 2021, Meituan announced the launch of "four major measures" to help riders’ career development, including Meituan’s rider vocational training and academic further education plan, stationmaster training plan, rider transfer plan, rider online learning platform and other career development measures. It will provide riders with a full-cycle, multi-level career development path, actively break the existing career development model of the rider group, and constantly broaden the radius of rider employment and career choice.

In addition, Deng Jianbo believes that scientific and technological forces should be promoted to protect the rights and interests of odd jobs. Through the HR SAAS system, B-end enterprises can use online modules such as shift attendance, salary calculation, electronic contract, employment insurance, talent pool operation, supplier management, etc., and C-end users can check in, pay their salaries, and get electronic contract and insurance protection.

Recently, the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions issued the "Key Points of Work of Beijing Federation of Trade Unions in Promoting New Employment Forms in 2022", which mentioned that it is necessary to build a strong organizational system and ensure that all the top 100 Internet companies operating in Beijing in 2021 will realize the establishment of the meeting; Adhere to the "one step forward" in safeguarding rights and earnestly safeguard the stability of the workforce in the new employment form. Including efforts to build harmonious labor relations, safeguard political security in the labor field, pay close attention to the demands of employees and other measures.

(Gao Hu, Liu Hua, Liu Yi, Xu Hang, Li Jian, Wang Feng and Fang Duanxin are all pseudonyms)

Beijing News Shell Finance Reporter Chen Weicheng Cheng Zijiao

Editor Song Yuting

Proofread Liu Baoqing

Special feature of 1905 film network In the next few days, the special planning series of the 35th China Film Golden Rooster Award of Today Film Review will follow the footsteps of this year’s Golden Rooster with the audience, and tour the excellent domestic films together. Through the light and shadow, we will look back on China’s self-confidence and China’s strength in the works, and strive for a new journey with the Golden Rooster. This issue focuses on the six best feature films nominated by the Golden Rooster Award. As a new benchmark for China films, what kind of China story will impress the audience?

This year’s Golden Rooster Award for Best Feature Film has been nominated by the jury. Why can they stand out from many films? Yin Hong, a professor at Tsinghua University, said: "These six films reflect the best level of film creation in China in the past year. Military action films include The Battle at Lake Changjin and Sniper, thematic tribute films include Me and My Father, and realistic works include Life Events, Love Myth and Miracle Stupid Child. A wide range of themes and diversified styles represent the main characteristics of China films in recent years. "

The six films nominated are a manifestation of the diversity of China’s films, and you will find that, like Love Myth and Life Events, they are all directors’ first films. After combing the previous Golden Rooster Awards, in fact, few new directors’ works can be shortlisted for the best film lineup. On the one hand, it reflects the phenomenon of successors in China films, and the younger generation of filmmakers began to take over and become the main force of China films; On the other hand, it also shows that the Golden Rooster Award, as a professional award, is selected according to the degree of innovation of artistic works.

Yin Hong said: "Like" Love Myth ",people don’t really believe that it is a debut. Its audio-visual language is so mature, the deployment of actors is very complete, and the actors perform their roles brilliantly, and every scene is very vivid; The whole art scene deployment of "Life Events" is full of fireworks in the process of flowing on the streets of Wuhan. You will feel that the younger generation of directors, due to the richness of the media, are growing and maturing faster than before, and it is easier to talk and integrate with the most advanced audio-visual language and create their own style. "

Love Myth and Life Events are not only directors’ first films in common, but also small-scale films. As a professional award, the Golden Rooster Award pays more attention to the artistic completion of the film on the premise of correct thinking, and has nothing to do with the cost itself. From the market point of view, the six nominated films have performed very well, which also shows that not only the Golden Rooster Award is choosing films with high artistic completion, but now the audience is becoming more and more mature and aware of what a good film is. A really good movie has nothing to do with the cost, but pays more attention to the penetration of emotion and the resonance of the audience.

The nominated Love Myth, Life Events, Sniper, and Miracle Stupid Child, which tells the story of Qian Qian’s desperate struggle outside, have one thing in common, all of which are small-incision narratives. In recent years, China filmmakers have been deepening the people-centered creative orientation. In their works, they don’t necessarily have to describe the great man or the heroic image of Gao Daquan, but more often show ordinary life, including ordinary people in a great event, and how they can play their role in a great historical stage. Yin Hong mentioned: "This also reflects the needs of the audience. Now many ordinary people are willing to watch ordinary people stand up and take responsibility in life, including the courage to face crises, hardships and challenges. These works all have this feature."

In the past two years, we can see that the main melody films have become more and more popular and popular. Among the six best feature films shortlisted for this year’s Golden Rooster Award, there are three main melody films, namely "My Father and I", "Sniper" and The Battle at Lake Changjin, all of which have their own characteristics.

Me and my parents

"My Father and I" is an important tribute work after the founding of the Party for a hundred years. Several directors presented their best and most familiar styles to the audience, and the audience saw a collection of films with different styles in one film.

Snipers

Sniper is a war genre film with a small incision narrative, which reflects the new exploration of China filmmakers in war genre films. Different from the grand war scenes movies in the past, a small battle action can now be made into a genre film, which is gripping and full of twists and turns.

The Battle at Lake Changjin

The Battle at Lake Changjin, on the other hand, is a film that embodies the production level of China’s film industry. It has achieved very high results in characterization, scene design, narrative ability, audio-visual stimulation and impact, and it is really gratifying at the box office. It can be said that The Battle at Lake Changjin has presented the best level that China’s film industry has reached at present.

The finalists of this year’s Golden Rooster Award represent the responsibility and responsibility of filmmakers in the new era to strut, work hard and move forward bravely. In the next journey, what kind of film works will China film workers use to better express the spirit of the times and enhance the spiritual strength of the people? What kind of China story can better impress the audience? Yin Hong said: "The 20th National Congress put forward many requirements in its report, which are to enhance cultural self-confidence and self-reliance and enhance China’s cultural influence. This is an important creative direction for filmmakers. It is necessary to explore the themes that can bring spiritual support to the people in China’s history and reality, and present them in movies. It is necessary to better take root in life, be familiar with history, and better grasp the development context of the big pattern of the times. While highlighting the creation of the main theme, let it resonate with contemporary audiences, and show the world a respectable, credible and lovely image of China through the presentation of these events and characters. "

Golden Rooster and Singing, striding on a new journey, among the six films nominated this time, the most intuitive feeling is the deep feelings of home and country, the warmth of home, and the confidence of the country. At the same time, it also allows us to see China’s past, present and future. I hope that in the future, China will become more and more broad on the road of becoming a film power, and can produce more excellent films to meet the audience’s demand for watching movies, and at the same time show the world the beauty of films that belong to China alone.

Original jojo, great craftsman

When Xiaobian contacted Mr. Yamayama,

Colleagues are very excited.

Everyone is interested in this up master with outstanding style in bilibili knowledge area.

I have accumulated enough curiosity.

He is well-educated and insane.

Claiming to be "a Chinese slacker, a drunkard in Jiannan Road"

His outrageous behavior includes reading "Please Wu Zhao" in the street.

Shoot one’s own portrait

Imitate Wei and Jin Dynasties to swallow homemade Wushi Powder.

Results Sulfur poisoning.

His video, besides the hard-core ancient prose analysis,

It is even more exciting, and it is spontaneous.

This issue of "Great Craftsman"

Show you all the secrets of Mr. Yamayama.

● Mr. Yamayama

Bilibili Million Fans Upmaster

● "Writing for Trump and Biden" by Mr. Youshan

Selected as a must-see video for the 2020 Knowledge Zone.

When Li Peiran

It’s not "Mr. Yamayama"

Mr. Youshan’s real name is Li Peiran

Born in a poor farming family in western Sichuan.

Claiming that parents have suffered from illiteracy.

I forced him to recite in kindergarten.

Three hundred Tang Poems by Heng Tangju Shi

Elementary school has to recite Wu’s uncle’s "The View of Ancient Chinese Literature"

Such forced training

So that junior high school students can write classical Chinese without penetrating or affectation.

Even more exaggerated is that

High school began to write in a dazzling way.

The first paragraph uses the Book of Songs, the second paragraph uses Chu Ci, and the third paragraph uses Han Fu.

The fourth paragraph uses Tang poetry, the fifth paragraph uses Song ci, and the sixth paragraph uses Yuanqu.

Finally, the style of Ming and Qing novels is summarized.

In an article, it has gone through five thousand years.

No wonder he prides himself on being like Li Bai.

Li Bai can’t surpass his time.

But Li Peiran, from the perspective of 2022,

Can make the essence of 5,000 years of cultural cultivation work for yourself.

But he is extremely eccentric.

With the existing achievements, it is definitely impossible to enter an ideal university.

In 2017, Li Peiran took the college entrance examination.

It happened that the topic of the composition was "I watch the college entrance examination"

In his view, this topic is like a provocation.

He wrote a composition that was eloquent but doomed to zero.

Attacking the college entrance examination system is the contemporary stereotyped writing for candidates.

Finally fell out of the list

Can’t find the ideal position in the real world

He is full of talent and consciousness.

Began to have the idea of seclusion

"This is the only living classical Chinese writer I have ever seen.

But he has a photo. "

Li Peiran failed in the college entrance examination.

Follow the example of "Mr. Wuliu" and retire to the countryside

And call himself "Mr. Yamayama"

Although like Tao Yuanming, he plowed and studied hard.

However, he has no agricultural foundation, and the fields he grows are "grass is abundant and beans are scarce"

In the mountains, "five days of bamboo is boring, and ten days of birds are boring."

After living in seclusion for two years.

He decided to go down the mountain and find another way out

Mr. Yamayama in seclusion

Youshan was once the son of Qian Mu, a master of Chinese studies.

Professor Tsinghua University Qian Xun studied for seven days.

When asked what Professor Qian Xun thought of "hermits"

I thought Professor Qian Xun would praise him for not wanting fame and fortune.

I didn’t expect Professor Qian Xun to say:

"This is the misfortune of the times,

Is the sorrow of the country,

Because the country’s brain drain. "

● Mr. Yamayama and Professor Qian Xun

Being called a talent by a master of Chinese studies inspired Yamayama.

You know, because you’re a maverick

People around him thought he was crazy since childhood.

There are mountains that are encouraged.

Started releasing videos about ancient literature in bilibili.

When explaining poetry and prose

He quoted classics and often added some unpopular knowledge.

Can restore the situation at that time more accurately

Under his interpretation, those ancient celebrities and great talents

Also become vivid and close.

Recitation of ancient poems with mountains

Pay great attention to the rhythm of sentence breaking and the ups and downs of emotion

Strive to resonate with the original to achieve artistic conception

● The poetic interaction between Mr. Youshan and bilibili netizens.

There are mountains now

Already has over a million fans.

Already the head of bilibili knowledge area up master.

Many teachers play his recitation videos in class.

His article was selected as a Chinese reading topic by a school.

More times on the stage of Henan Satellite TV and Shandong Satellite TV.

Like a famous Chinese scholar.

?

Mr. Youshan’s message to college entrance examination students: the college entrance examination can’t determine life, so we should establish an equal career concept.

?

You think your talent is comparable to that of Li Bai, so what do you think of the relationship between talent and hard work?

I think my talent is not very good, although I act like a cynic, looking very carefree, drinking wine, enjoying myself, being naive and laughing.

In fact, I am a workaholic. My day is 36 hours, because I have no biological state at all. I open my eyes for 28 hours and sleep for 8 hours every day.

● Mr. Yamayama’s library.

Can you tell us something about the process of creating bilibili video?

The most important thing is inspiration. When there is no inspiration, I will not make a video by force, which is soulless. After inspiration, it usually takes two days to write a copy first, and then shoot.

Shooting is the most painful thing for me. For example, I may have to record a video analyzing ancient Chinese prose forty or fifty times. For a 1,000-word manuscript, I have to make sure that I recite it exactly, and the emotional ups and downs are in line with the artistic conception of the article, so I need to constantly re-record it.

Finally, editing, my video clips are very few, and I hope to present a mirror in a more natural state.

You are drinking in the video, lying on the ground while talking, etc. Are these designed or naturally revealed?

I am an up master who has no one to set up, because people will inevitably collapse.

What I look like in real life is what I look like in the video. The only difference is that I am more arrogant in reality. When I drink wine and talk to everyone, I will talk loudly. In the video, I am more low-key. As a public figure, I still need something relatively positive.

● Writing in classical Chinese closely following current events.

What do you think is the greatest charm of traditional culture?

Studying traditional culture will really have a sense of reverence, a sense of shock and a sense of mission.

Why do you do such maverick things as taking photos and taking Wushisan?

It stems from the detached attitude towards life and death, which is also influenced by Zhuangzi’s "drum basin and song".

I look down on fame, life and death.

Looking down on life and death does not mean that you are not afraid of death. Looking down on fame does not mean that you don’t like or want fame. I cherish my life. I can’t live in poverty. I want to be happier. If you give me more money, I won’t refuse.

● Mr. Yamayama shows his photo.

Nowadays, many young people wander around in involution and decay. Do you have any suggestions for them?

Suggest that they read The Doctrine of the Mean, and read Zhuangzi and Lao Zi. Taoism emphasizes inaction, but it is by no means bad.

Zhuangzi said that Zhou will be between doing and not doing, and doing and not doing should be analyzed in detail. It is a dynamic balance, and the so-called Tao is just like this.

Who is your favorite ancient celebrity? Why?

Zhuangzi.

If there is a chance for me to meet Zhuangzi, I would go to the primitive world.

What kind of role will you try in the future if the up master is not popular one day?

Everything has a life cycle, and saints will be remembered one day, not to mention an ordinary person like me.

If one day, I should be a teacher. My hobby is teaching and educating people.

● Mr. Youshan in the period of traveling.

What do you think is the most perfect happiness?

Free, rich, respected by the world and future generations.

What kind of talent do you want most?

Pick up hot chicks’s ability.

What do you fear most?

Be remembered by future generations.

What’s your current state of mind?

A little haggard and very tired.

Who do you admire most among the living people?

Myself.

What do you think is your greatest achievement?

He has created many classic articles handed down from generation to generation.

After 1000 years, it will definitely be learned by everyone.

There won’t be any accidents,

I have firm confidence in this.

What characteristics of yourself do you hate the most?

I don’t hate myself.

I think I can be more handsome. I have appearance anxiety.

What’s your favorite trip?

The time I went to Daocheng Aden,

At that time, I was not the upmaster,

The journey is relatively pure.

What characteristics do you hate most about others?

Hypocrisy

What is your most treasured property?

The money in my bank.

What is your greatest luxury?

Going to bed one night,

I woke up with a nosebleed and didn’t want to get up to get toilet paper.

From the "Ming History" on the bedside.

Tear a few pages to stop the bleeding temporarily.

What do you think is the shallowest pain?

There are no big rivers in Chengdu, so you can’t feel the magnificent beauty.

Which virtue do you think is overrated?

Economy.

What’s your favorite occupation?

Teacher.

What are you dissatisfied with your appearance?

The back of my head is peaceful.

What do you regret most?

At the beginning of this year, a business order was not received.

That list is quite rich.

Who do you despise most among the living people?

My primary school math teacher,

Once I got 100 points in math,

He framed me for cheating.

He doesn’t have any evidence,

Criticize me in front of the whole class,

And call my parents.

What is your most painful thing?

I ate homemade Wushi powder,

Results I went to the hospital for gastric lavage.

It was the most painful thirty minutes of my life.

What is the person or thing you love most in your life?

My book.

How do you want to die?

Natural death.

When and where do you feel happiest?

Drink, just drunk

I’m happiest when I’m not sick.

If you could change one thing about your family, what would it be?

I hope my father is a rich man,

Or a leading cadre.

If you had a choice, what would you like to reproduce?

See Zhuangzi.

What is your motto?

Foolishly adorn my watch, but hide it in decay.

Mr. Youshan’s recommendation list

Xiao Lin Guang Ji

"History has never gone far" Wang Liqun

The Absurdity of History by Liu Jie

The View of Ancient Chinese Literature, Xinhua Publishing House Edition

Liu Ji, Yu Ion

Appendix: Appreciation of Mr. Youshan’s Strange Articles

"For King Luo Bin, for Xu Jingye"

Jun chi thousands of miles away, there is no distinction between males and females; Wang Yuzhaomin still has a distinction between good and evil. Lv Hou’s trouble with the Huns was the beginning of Wen Jing; Wu’s guilt in Shangyuan is anger and arrogance. Sacrifice two emperors, kill ministers, and Luo Zhi is all over the world, creating a chaotic octupole. Dabao is broken for it, and the artifact is smashed for it. The soil is cloudy in the haze, and the ordinary man is afraid of the sword.

Sikong mowgli, three dynasties old, the British crown outstanding. He died suddenly and violently, and he helped the emperor and entrusted his life. Wu’s bribery was not accepted, and he was convicted and demoted to death in Guizhou, which made Yu sad. Servants are good at shooting, loyal to the country, demoralized, and severely criticized. Once this Lao was culled, the soul broke off in South Vietnam, and it was also a whale giant. So Jane pulled out the night and made a cruel official. Softly imprison Di Zi, and reuse consorts. In addition to destroying the branches, it eats the court. Take a fierce prison and kill people, set up a bronze plaque and cover Tang Ding. Therefore, the official was tongue-tied, the scholar’s jaw was closed, the water board was wordless, and the admonisher lost his voice.

Wu’s thief is busy with the power of heaven, and he is unconscious and disabled. Qi Ji was spared the meat of the jar altar, and Gao Wei did not slaughter the infant baby. Not only punish Wang Sun, but also cut off Li Min. Welcome Buddha’s bone in Chixian County, and move the foundation of Confucianism and Taoism; Move the Purple Palace to Luoyang, exhausting the sweat of Qianshou. Xiao Yan’s decline is sad to see; The death of Dong Zhuo is a great pain. The tower outside the temple is empty and foolish; Luxurious buildings and huge halls are only a waste of money. Whoo! The state’s family is bitter, and the people are poor.

As for the worship of Zen in Songshan Mountain, Taiyue is disrespectful, and his back is far and wide, and he abandons his faith and does Kun. Tubo disturbed Anxi, and Turkic committed it in Mobei. Zhenguan was not sacrificed because of Liaodong, and Wu Shi was honored as a stiff skeleton. It also favors the face, makes the second class dimension, sets fire to the hall, and manipulates power. Then there are people who have cracked the temples inside, people who have rushed to the crown outside, the prophecy of the dry Sichuan below, and the star who attacked the moon above.

My Lord Xu Jingye, an old minister of Li Tang, is benevolent and resourceful, and vows to get rid of surliness. Drink the fast waves of the Hanjiang River and shake the righteous flag of Yangzhou. Planning is the same as heaven and man, and washing the blade is the fear of ghosts and gods. Soldiers array, direct drive Luo Lu, roaring tigers and dragons, exploding thunder and thunderbolts. Flying troops shake mountains and shoot snow with long knives, riding horses and chasing the wind, while Wu Ge shines on the sun. Sun Bin is unstoppable, and Yafu is irresistible. The sea is flooded with fireflies, and the iron falls into spring ice.

Gaiwen: Ju Shou died of Yuan’s family, so it is better for Gao Lan to surrender Cao; Zhang Ren was trapped in Luocheng, but he did not obey Han Yan Yan. The number of false spirits is exhausted, and it will be rectified in a few days. Is to wait until the sandstorm stops, the world is clear, and the ninth Five-Year Plan is given priority, and then the country is worked.

He who wins the head of the witch will be rewarded with 80 million yuan and sealed 8 thousand households. Moving to the county, such as the law!

-Mr. Youshan Li Peiran

2021.12.6

Dayefu

Opium is poisonous and drunk; Chen Meng won’t wake up until the ship is on the shore. At this time, Kyushu was soft and the Central Plains was weak. The wind is full of evil, and the rain is full of evil. Foreign countries are arrogant and arrogant, and they cut down the soil; The Qing court was corrupt and weak, and peddled the people. Cut the city and abandon the soil, why cherish the accumulation of the future generations; Qiaoyuan practices the temple, who pity the hundred generations to pass on the roses? Or there are strong men who hold their wrists, fierce ministers who beat them, and change their methods into weapons, but they will never recover. Therefore, China is in trouble, and Chixian County is on the verge of extinction. Huang Zu cried with ghosts and gods, and the head of Guizhou died with the hen. Alas!

When Guangzhou dialed the blood bell, Wuchang raised the banner of righteousness, and the Imperial Mansion collapsed, the iron drums shook in ten provinces. Burning ointment in the sea, washing the color in the world, democratic Republic, and gradually gaining popularity. However, Yuan’s stealing treasures is not a success. Song Jun was assassinated, which is called "overwork"? The concept of arrogance is in the way, sighing that Confucius and Mencius have no hometown. Bad politics and alcohol people, foreigners and landlords. Sadly, short candles don’t shine on the darkness of the atlas; Pain also zai, residual fireflies can’t warm large chunks of cold.

In 1921, at the age of 18, I was in Xinyou, showing a picture of the South Lake and painting a boat. Following the May 4th Movement, we carried forward the principles of Marxism-Leninism. Shoot jade electricity and break the fog, blow boiling songs and melt ice. Chen Lixiong wrote, raising huge waves to ask about the reef of barnacles; Zhang Zhou struggled to wipe the wall of moss in Tai ‘a. Then, I will attack the crime directly, strengthen the martial arts, take the mud pill of Xichuan, and resist the jackal of the East Island. Conquer violence against disasters and save refugees from beasts. Yang Zhao died without changing his heart, Zhu Peng attacked Japan and the Blue Army solved Eritrea. So the workers and peasants combined, the sickle and hammer danced, the coward’s house collapsed, and Chiang’s family fled. Defeat Korea, defeat the United States and disable Europe; Drive India, suppress the empire and greedy wolves. How strong our party is! Sincerely sweep away the embarrassment of a hundred years and promote the health of all generations.

Today I am Chinese, people-oriented, reform and opening up. Collect the land, scatter the beaver, light the apricot altar, and cultivate the middle beam. The wonderful politics of the past year, dropping out of agriculture and giving it to Xiao Guicheng; Attract the wealth of foreign countries, and the treasury is spared. Shovel mountains, endless forests; The boat draws a lot of water, so don’t take the mysterious seedlings. The stars are flying in the silver Han, and the boat is involved in the long deep, but it is known that the dragon and phoenix are dead; The road is snowy, the road is far away, but the businessmen are not falling. From all walks of life, the people are safe. High-rise buildings soar, and huge buildings soar. Qian Lao donated his life, but the nuclear error was gone, and yuangong died, but the food shortage was gone forever. The roar of the three armies will break the waves in four oceans, and the laughter of a billion husbands will make seven States become the wind. Awesome in the heart, quick in the liver and intestines. Flood damages thousands of miles and destroys them, and Yu De can shoulder it; The earthquake moved eight levels without falling, and the soul can be marked. Anti-corruption, up and down, anti-epidemic North-South Concord. Poverty alleviation is carried out simultaneously, and the country is United in ancient and modern times!

In 2021, the centennial birthday of our party was heard by people who witnessed it. Fortunately, even zai, song to congratulate!

-Li Peiran

Operation | craftsman

Typesetting | sheep garden

Original title: "From" bottom waste "to millions of fans, claiming to be better than Li Bai, the article was compiled into the test paper …"

Read the original text

　Every sacrifice is immortal ―― On Urumqi’s "1? 2 "Fire Fighting Hero"

　　　 This is the banner of "Heroes Go All the Way" by Urumqi citizens (photo taken on January 7). On January 7, in Urumqi, Xinjiang, "1? 2 "The memorial service for three fire officers and soldiers who died in the fire in Dehui International Plaza was held in Urumqi, and the relatives of three martyrs and nearly 10,000 people from all walks of life in Xinjiang attended the memorial service. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhao Geshe　
　　　

　　　 Xinhuanet Urumqi, January 8 th (Reporter Yan Huang, Gao Fan)At the beginning of the new year in 2008, a raging fire that raged for more than 60 hours swept away the New Year atmosphere in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain. In the process of putting out this fire, three names will live forever in the fire.

　　　 "Assembly" blew and rushed into the sea of fire.

　　　 At 20 o’clock on the evening of January 2, an emergency fire alarm interrupted the New Year meeting of the First Squadron of Urumqi Fire Brigade. The 33 soldiers of the whole team set off in an instant and rushed to the scene of the fire.

　　　 That night, Zhu Xiaolei, the deputy squadron leader who was on vacation at home, learned of the fire, bid farewell to his parents at home and went straight to the fire. The on-site command center quickly dispatched Zhu Xiaolei, Zhang Yu and Gao Feng to form a rescue commando. At the last moment of rushing into the fire, Zhu Xiaolei did not forget to call his father: "Dad, I signed up for the death squad … I rushed in!" "

　　　 At 22: 20 that night, three people successfully rescued three trapped people from the building. When informed by the headquarters that there were still trapped people in the building, the three men rushed into the building completely covered by black smoke, high temperature and toxic gas for the fourth time.

　　　 The visibility in the building was less than 50 cm, and the three people lost their way. The on-site commander immediately organized rescue after receiving Zhu Xiaolei’s distress signal, but when his comrades found Zhu Xiaolei and Zhang Yu on the sixth floor, they were already unconscious on the ground.

　　　 "Zhu Xiaolei was panting at the time, but he could only exhale and could not inhale. I slapped Zhang Yu’s face to stimulate him to regain consciousness, but he never responded. " Wang Li, a rescuer, said with a trembling voice.

　　　 After Zhu Xiaolei and Zhang Yu were carried out of the building, the passage of the building was completely blocked by fireworks in an instant. In order to avoid more casualties, the on-site command center decided to stop the search and rescue peak.

　　　 When Zhu Xiaolei and Zhang Yu were sent to the ambulance, the comrades wiped their tears with dark hands and put their heads on the window, because they knew in their hearts that this look was probably a farewell.

　　　 On the morning of the 4th, Xinjiang Fire Corps announced that Zhu Xiaolei, the deputy squadron leader of Special Service No.1 Squadron, and Zhang Yu, the trainee platoon leader, were all rescued by the medical department, and died heroically because of smoke poisoning. Gao Feng’s body was also found on the east side of the 6th floor at 14: 00 on the 4th.

　　　 The "post-80s" heroes moved tens of thousands of people in border towns to mourn spontaneously.

　　　 Zhu Xiaolei, Zhang Yu and Gao Feng, three fire-fighting heroes, were all born in the 1980s. Their feats shook the border town in winter. In the past few days, tens of thousands of people of all ethnic groups have spontaneously mourned the heroes of fire fighting.

　　　　On the morning of January 4, thousands of Urumqi citizens spontaneously came to the mourning hall set up in the Second Squadron of the Special Service of the Municipal Fire Brigade to pay their respects at "1? 3 heroes who died in the fire. The mourning hall has been filled with wreaths, and civil servants, taxi drivers, personnel from enterprises and institutions, and affected merchants from Dehui International Plaza have come from Urumqi and nearby cities to mourn the firefighting hero.

　　　 On the morning of the 7th, the cold wind blew in Urumqi, and painful sorrows resounded through the border town. Tens of thousands of people from all ethnic groups gathered in Yanerwo funeral home in Urumqi to bid farewell to the heroes. The main streets of Urumqi, such as Guangming Road and Xinhua Road, are full of sadness and music. Hundreds of cars are wearing white flowers and carrying wreaths and slowly heading for Yanerwo funeral home in the southern suburbs. On both sides of the street, the mourners watched in tears.

　　　 On the square outside Yan ‘erwo Funeral Parlour, the warning lights of fire engines kept flashing, and private cars and taxis of all sizes turned on their lights. Tens of thousands of people stood neatly in the open space of the square, holding up the words "Heroes have a good trip!" "The loveliest people are you!" Waiting for the banner of the eulogy.

　　　 Alamuti, an old man who runs a baking cake shop, wiped his tears and said, "I saw the hearse pass in front of my shop, so I closed the door and rode over." If nothing else, I just want to see the three heroes’ Balangzi’. " After donating 100 yuan to the families of the martyrs, a poorly dressed car mechanic said, "I don’t know what to say. When the heroes are gone, I just want to donate some money to their families to express my heart."

　　　 In Baidu Post Bar, netizens initiated "Let the hero’s spirit be with Tianshan Mountain, and let the hero’s spirit live with the desert forever!" The network martyr memorial service. The spirit of martyrs is spreading, and the love of the people is passing on. People from all walks of life not only spontaneously mourn the martyrs who died, but also donate money and materials to the families of martyrs through various channels. At the memorial service on the 4th and 7th, nearly 10,000 people, including the affected merchants in Dehui International Plaza, donated money to the families of martyrs in various ways.

　　　 Hero, did not leave.

　　　 On the morning of January 3, the fire in Dehui International Plaza in Urumqi was still spreading. Although after more than 10 hours of fighting, the fire in the wholesale market of Lutehui International Plaza in Qiantang River in Urumqi is still spreading, and some floors of Dehui Hotel connected to it have also started to catch fire, and all the people in the hotel have been evacuated safely. At 20 o’clock on the evening of January 2, a fire broke out in Dehui International Plaza in Urumqi. At present, the fire continues to spread, and firefighters at the scene are still struggling to rescue. Xinhua News Agency reporter Faye Wong photo

　　　 On January 5, the first squadron of the special service to which the three martyrs belonged lost their usual atmosphere, and the soldiers all looked dignified. Speaking of the sacrificed comrades, instructor Jiang Shaojie choked several times, and Zheng Jie, a little soldier who just turned 18, burst into tears.

　　　 In the dormitory of three martyrs, their quilts were folded like tofu as usual. The comrades-in-arms pulled the flat sheets again and again. Wang Li, who had been regretting that he could not save the peak, touched the cotton cap of the peak and was silent.

　　　 "Brother is gone, I’ll take the top!" Zhang Shuai, Zhangyu’s younger brother, learned that his brother died in the fire fighting, and vowed with tears to carry on his brother’s legacy and become a fire fighter.

　　　 Lan Can, a political commissar, still clearly remembers Zhu Xiaolei’s meeting on the day he came home from vacation. "I told him to find a daughter-in-law quickly and stop dangling in front of me. He said,’ I will definitely finish the task for you in 2008!’ "Lancan suddenly hid his face and wept:" Did I say something wrong? Tell him to stop dangling … "

　　　 Like the three martyrs, most of the fire officers and soldiers of the first squadron of the Secret Service have no girlfriends. "Can’t, we basically don’t go out, always on standby. Besides, which girl wants to associate with a man who lives and dies almost every day. " A soldier said.

　　　 The dead are gone, and the living still have a long way to go. Wang Li said: "They are lying down, and we will continue to work. Our task has not been completed."

　　　 After saying his word, a shrill alarm suddenly sounded, and Wang Li bounced off the stool like a reflex and rushed out of the door, but the reporters who had not recovered looked at each other. In an instant, the fire truck has rushed out of the gate.

Editor: Feng Ye

Text/Zhou Daoxu Director of Financial Security Research Center of Tsinghua University Wudaokou Finance College

Capital market is essentially an information market, and enterprise value is continuously priced in information interaction. When the crisis of public opinion occurs, the sudden change of information environment will trigger the market to re-evaluate the fundamentals of enterprises.

First, the financial transmission mechanism of public opinion shock

The surge in the cost of information verification is the primary transmission channel. When an enterprise is caught in a crisis of public opinion, the market will doubt the authenticity of its information disclosure, and investors need to invest additional resources for due diligence, including consulting financial statements, analyzing industry data, and referring to third-party audit opinions. This extra verification cost will reduce market liquidity and may lead some investors to choose to withdraw from the market because of information asymmetry. At the same time, institutional investors may adjust their investment portfolio to reduce the risk exposure related to the enterprise, thus triggering a further decline in the stock price.

In addition, the intensification of information asymmetry will lead to an increase in the market’s risk premium requirements for enterprises. When faced with information uncertainty, investors often demand higher risk compensation to make up for potential losses. The rise of this risk premium will not only be directly reflected in the decline of the company’s share price, but also affect the financing cost of the company, which will challenge its refinancing ability in the capital market. In extreme cases, enterprises may fall into a liquidity crisis due to the loss of market trust, and even go bankrupt and reorganize.

The dynamic adjustment of credit rating forms the second pressure. In the face of major public opinion crisis, rating agencies usually quickly adjust their credit ratings to reflect the latest market awareness of corporate credit status. However, the adjustment of rating agencies is often characterized by "over-revision", that is, a large downward adjustment in a short period of time to avoid their own reputation risks. This rating adjustment not only affects the debt financing cost of enterprises, but also may trigger a chain reaction in the bond market, leading to sharp fluctuations in bond prices.

The downgrade of credit rating may also trigger the "cross-default" clause in the financial market, that is, some loan or debt agreements of enterprises may stipulate that once the credit rating falls below a certain level, enterprises need to repay debts in advance or provide additional guarantees. This means that enterprises may face sudden cash flow pressure after the public opinion crisis, further aggravating the deterioration of their financial situation. This chain reaction will amplify the market’s concerns about the fundamentals of enterprises, and may even lead enterprises to enter debt restructuring or bankruptcy procedures.

Second, the empirical analysis of typical cases

In April 2020, Luckin Coffee’s self-disclosure of financial fraud caused widespread market panic, which spread to CAR Inc., which belongs to the "Shenzhou Family". Affected by the crisis of investor confidence, CAR Inc.’s share price plummeted by 17.11% on April 8th. The market’s doubts about CAR Inc. focus on the expansion model similar to that of Ruixing, the authenticity of financial data and the joint liability of the major shareholder Lu Zhengyao. At the same time, international rating agencies Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s quickly downgraded CAR Inc.’s credit rating, which further aggravated investors’ panic. This incident shows that in the capital market, the financial transparency and governance structure of enterprises are very important. Once the trust crisis breaks out, it will not only increase the cost of information verification, but also trigger a series of chain reactions such as stock price crash, financing difficulties and credit rating downgrade.

Third, the impact of public opinion risk on different financing channels

1. Bond market

In the bond market, the impact of public opinion risk on credit bonds is particularly significant. For bond investors, the credit status of enterprises is one of the key factors in their decision-making. Negative public opinion events may cause investors to worry about the solvency of enterprises, which in turn will lead to the decline of bond prices and the expansion of credit spreads. For example, after the public opinion of financial fraud or poor management of some enterprises spreads, the credit rating of their bonds may be lowered, which will not only increase the financing cost of enterprises, but also make it more difficult to issue bonds. In addition, public opinion events may also trigger a chain reaction in the bond market, affecting the performance of credit bonds in the whole industry, and even impacting the stability of the bond market.

2. Equity market

In the equity market, public opinion risk will also have a significant impact on the stock price and equity financing cost of enterprises. Investors’ confidence in the enterprise is an important support for the stock price, and negative public opinion may weaken investors’ confidence and lead to a decline in the stock price. At the same time, the cost of equity financing will also rise due to the reassessment of corporate risks by the market. For example, when an enterprise faces public opinion events such as product quality problems or management scandals, investors may demand higher rate of return to compensate for risks, which will directly lead to an increase in the cost of equity financing. In addition, public opinion events may also affect the refinancing ability of enterprises, and may even cause enterprises to lose financing opportunities in the capital market.

3. Bank credit market

Bank credit market is one of the important financing channels for enterprises, and public opinion risk will also have an impact on bank credit. When deciding whether to provide loans to enterprises, banks will comprehensively consider the credit status, operating conditions and market reputation of enterprises. Negative public opinion events may make banks doubt the credit status of enterprises, thus raising the loan interest rate, increasing the collateral requirements or shortening the loan period. For example, when a company has a major negative public opinion, the bank may reassess the loan risk of the company and adopt a more cautious credit policy. This will not only increase the financing cost of enterprises, but also limit the liquidity of enterprises and affect the normal operation of enterprises.

Fourth, the relationship between public opinion risk and corporate governance structure

1. The role of the board of directors

The board of directors of enterprises plays a key role in dealing with the risk of public opinion. An effective board of directors can find and deal with public opinion risks in time and protect the interests and reputation of enterprises. For example, the board of directors can strengthen the supervision of enterprise operation and management by establishing a sound internal supervision mechanism, and discover potential public opinion risk factors in time. In addition, the board of directors can also communicate with investors, the media and the public to convey the positive information of the enterprise and alleviate the impact of the public opinion crisis on the enterprise.

2. Responsibility of management

Management also bears an important responsibility in public opinion risk management. The management needs to report the operating conditions and potential risks of the enterprise to the board of directors in time to ensure that the board of directors can fully understand the public opinion risk of the enterprise. At the same time, the management also needs to formulate and implement effective public opinion management strategies, strengthen the management and control of internal information of enterprises, and prevent the leakage of negative information. In addition, the management also needs to maintain good communication with external stakeholders, respond to market concerns in a timely manner, and maintain the good image of the enterprise. For example, when a public opinion crisis occurs, the management can clarify the truth by releasing accurate information in time, stabilize market expectations, and reduce the impact of public opinion risks on enterprises.

3. The role of internal audit

Internal audit also plays an important role in public opinion risk management. Internal audit can find out the potential risk factors of public opinion through auditing the internal financial and operational activities of the enterprise and report to the management and the board of directors in time. For example, internal audit can audit the authenticity, completeness and accuracy of enterprise financial statements to prevent negative public opinion events such as financial fraud. At the same time, internal audit can also evaluate the effectiveness of the internal control system of enterprises, put forward suggestions for improvement, and enhance the ability of enterprises to resist the risk of public opinion. In addition, internal audit can also participate in the formulation and implementation of enterprise crisis response plans to ensure that enterprises can quickly take effective response measures when public opinion crisis occurs.

V. Interaction between public opinion risk and macroeconomic environment

1. The impact of the economic cycle

The economic cycle has an important influence on the formation and spread of public opinion risk. In the period of economic prosperity, enterprises are in good operating condition, market confidence is high, and the risk of public opinion is relatively low. However, during the economic recession, enterprises are faced with great operating pressure and are prone to various problems, such as financial difficulties and layoffs, which may lead to negative public opinion. At the same time, during the economic recession, some enterprises suffered losses or closed down due to poor management. These negative events caused public concern about the operating conditions of enterprises in the same industry through media reports and network communication, which further aggravated the public opinion risk of the remaining enterprises in the industry. In addition, the change of economic cycle will also affect investors’ risk preference and market confidence, and then affect the impact of public opinion risk on corporate financing costs.

2. The impact of the policy environment

The policy environment also has an important impact on the risk of public opinion. The government’s policy adjustment and regulatory measures may lead to the public opinion risk of enterprises. For example, the strengthening of the government’s environmental protection policy for enterprises may make some highly polluting enterprises face greater operational pressure, which may lead to negative public opinion.

3. The influence of market confidence

Market confidence plays a key role in the interaction between public opinion risk and macroeconomic environment. When the market confidence is insufficient, negative public opinion events may be amplified, which will have a greater impact on the financing cost and market performance of enterprises. For example, in the period of economic instability or market volatility, investors’ confidence in enterprises is relatively fragile, and any negative public opinion may lead to panic selling or financing difficulties. On the contrary, in the case of sufficient market confidence, even if there are some negative public opinions, investors may treat them more rationally and will not easily overreact to enterprises. Therefore, enterprises need to pay close attention to the changes of market confidence and adopt corresponding strategies in public opinion management to reduce the impact of public opinion risk on enterprises.

Sixth, the industry differences of public opinion risk

1. Public opinion sensitivity of different industries

There are significant differences in the sensitivity of different industries to public opinion risk. Some industries are more sensitive to the risk of public opinion because of their business nature and high social concern. For example, in the financial industry, food industry and medical industry, once negative public opinion appears in enterprises in these industries, it may quickly arouse public concern and doubt, which will have a significant impact on the financing cost and market performance of enterprises. Taking the financial industry as an example, the credibility of banks and financial institutions is the key to their survival and development. Any public opinion about financial fraud, poor risk management or poor management may trigger market panic, leading to a sharp drop in stock prices and a sharp rise in financing costs.

2. Transmission mechanism of industry public opinion risk

The risk transmission mechanism of public opinion in different industries is also different. In some industries that are highly dependent on market confidence and public image, such as tourism, hotels and aviation, negative public opinion may directly affect the income and cash flow of enterprises through changes in consumer behavior. For example, when there are security problems or negative public opinions in tourist destinations, consumers may choose other destinations, which will lead to a sharp drop in the income of local tourism enterprises, thus affecting their financing ability and financing cost. In some technology-intensive industries, such as science and technology and Internet industry, public opinion risk may be transmitted by affecting the technological innovation ability and market competitiveness of enterprises. For example, when technology leakage or public opinion of product quality problems occur in technology enterprises, it may lead to their disadvantage in market competition, and then affect their financing environment and financing cost.

VII. Future development trend of public opinion risk

1. The challenge of public opinion risk in the digital age

With the rapid development of digital technology, the spread speed and influence of public opinion risk will be further enhanced. The popularity of social media, network platform and mobile Internet makes information spread more rapidly and widely, and public opinion events can trigger global attention and discussion in a short time. For example, some companies’ inappropriate comments or behaviors posted on social media may quickly trigger public doubts and criticisms, which in turn will affect the financing costs and market performance of enterprises. Therefore, in the digital age, enterprises need to pay more attention to public opinion management, establish a sound public opinion monitoring and early warning mechanism, and timely discover and deal with public opinion risks.

2. The combination of artificial intelligence and public opinion management

The development of artificial intelligence technology provides new means and methods for public opinion management. Through artificial intelligence technology, enterprises can realize real-time monitoring and analysis of massive public opinion data and quickly identify potential public opinion risks. For example, using natural language processing technology, enterprises can analyze the emotion and identify the theme of text data on social media, and find the signs of negative public opinion in time. At the same time, artificial intelligence technology can also help enterprises formulate more accurate public opinion coping strategies, analyze and predict historical public opinion events through machine learning algorithms, and provide decision support for enterprises. For example, some enterprises have developed a public opinion early warning model by using artificial intelligence technology, which can predict the occurrence probability and influence degree of public opinion risk in advance, provide early warning information for enterprises, and help enterprises prepare in advance.

3. Long-term management of public opinion risk

The management of public opinion risk needs to pay attention not only to short-term crisis response, but also to long-term reputation building and risk prevention. Enterprises need to establish a good brand image and social image through continuous reputation management, and enhance public trust and recognition of enterprises. For example, enterprises can enhance their social reputation and public image by actively fulfilling their social responsibilities and strengthening communication and cooperation with stakeholders. At the same time, enterprises need to establish a sound risk management system, incorporate public opinion risk into the overall risk management framework of enterprises, and reduce the impact of public opinion risk on enterprises through institutionalized, standardized and normalized management measures. For example, enterprises can conduct public opinion risk assessment regularly, formulate public opinion management strategies and plans, and establish public opinion response teams and working mechanisms to ensure that they can respond quickly and effectively when public opinion crises occur.

In a word, public opinion risk has become one of the important factors affecting the financing cost of enterprises. Through in-depth analysis of the pricing mechanism, transmission mechanism and management strategy of public opinion risk, enterprises can better cope with public opinion crisis, reduce financing costs and enhance their market competitiveness. In the digital age, the spread speed and influence of public opinion risk will be further enhanced. Enterprises need to pay more attention to public opinion management, establish a sound public opinion early warning and response mechanism, and use new technical means such as artificial intelligence to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public opinion management. At the same time, enterprises need to pay attention to long-term reputation building and risk prevention, and enhance their anti-risk ability and market competitiveness through continuous efforts. Future research needs to further quantify the elasticity coefficient of public opinion risk in different industries, provide more scientific theoretical support for accurate risk management of enterprises, and promote the scientific, standardized and professional development of public opinion management of enterprises.

This article is published by Tsinghua University Institute of Financial Science and Technology, a columnist of Weiyang.com, and the content belongs to the author’s personal opinion, not the website’s. It is forbidden to reprint it without permission, and offenders will be prosecuted!

Depp joined Hollow Man.

　 　 1905 movie network news Universal Picture’s "Monster Universe" plan is moving forward in an orderly way. A few days ago, the remake of Hollow Man attracted a famous actor to join us. It is reported that Johnny Depp will definitely join the film and play the role of invisible man in the film. In the original film, the invisible man became a killer after being invisible, and there were killers in Depp’s previous screen roles, so this role is more suitable for Depp to interpret.

　 　 The original Hollow Man, filmed in 1933, tells the story of a talented scientist who invented an invisibility reagent that can make people invisible after drinking. Although the effect of the reagent is obvious, unfortunately, the side effects make the scientist become eccentric, and gradually, he becomes an invisible killer. The film depicts the alienation of science and technology to human beings. Although it is exaggerated, the scenes of a large number of invisible people killing people in the film are still chilling. The film has been put on the screen five times. The famous David .S. Goyer once filmed a version in 2007.

The 1933 edition of Invisible Man

　 　 As early as last year, Universal decided to build a "monster universe", hoping to copy the successful experience and bring the famous monsters in the film history such as Dracula, Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s bride, werewolf, invisible man, mummy, and Black Lake Fishman to the big screen. Judging from the progress of the current exposure, the list signed by Universal is big: Tom Cruise just confirmed to join us not long ago, and now Hollow Man has invited Depp to join us. Just from the stunt, this "monster universe" can be described as huge.

　 　 Universal Picture’s Hollow Man will be written by ed solomon, a screenwriter, and the director candidate and release time have not been decided.

Conor McGregor

　　　　 On August 28th, Beijing time, according to foreign media reports, Conor McGregor, a mixed martial arts athlete, joined the action thriller "Veyron kill array" and made his debut, playing an original role other than himself.

　　The film, starring Jake Gyllenhaal, directed by doug liman and produced by Amazon, will be streamed online. Ji Runhall plays a former UFC fighter who works as a bodyguard in a disorganized hotel in the Florida keys, but soon discovers that everything is not what it seems in this tropical paradise.

　　Billy magnussen, Daniela Melchior, Jimsola Akumello, Lucas Gage, Anthony Bagarozzi (The Tear-Resistant Detective) and Chuck Mundre are also the screenwriters, and filming will begin in the Dominican Republic later this month.

　　In 1989, the original film was directed by Rowdy Herrington and starred by Patrick Swayze, kelly lynch, sam elliott and Ben Gazzara. Dalton, an outstanding and popular bodyguard, moved to a small town in Missouri to help clean up a disorderly bar, exposing the corrupt behavior of local bully businessmen in the process.

　　(Meng Qing)

On February 11th, BYD announced at the Eye of the Gods Intelligent Driving Conference that in the next 2-3 years, intelligent driving will become the standard, and all BYD models will be equipped with the "Eye of the Gods" advanced intelligent driving system, and the first batch of 21 models will be listed soon. Among them, more than 100,000 models are standard in the whole system, and most models below 100,000 are equipped. "Eye of the God" is divided into three versions, which are equipped with different brands of BYD models, and it is planned that more than ten models of it will be equipped with Hesse lidar in 2025.

The intelligent driving industry chain has developed rapidly and the hardware configuration has been significantly improved. BYD’s "Eye of God" has more than 10 cameras, and more millimeter-wave radars are used. Industrial chain enterprises such as Heertai, Yutaiwei and Kabeiyi are all involved in the supply, involving intelligent controllers, data transmission, data cables and other products. In terms of cost control, it is estimated that the price of BYD’s intelligent driving system needs to be controlled within 10,000 yuan to maintain market competitiveness, and the addition of DeepSeek technology is expected to help reduce the cost of intelligent driving solutions and promote the comprehensive popularization of intelligent driving.

With the promotion of intellectual driving and equal rights, industry competition intensifies, and price wars may heat up. Car companies need to find a balance between technology research and development and cost control, while facing challenges such as regulations, safety and ethics. CITIC Jiantou Research Report believes that 2025 will be the key node for smart driving to achieve leap-forward development. BYD’s participation is expected to accelerate the penetration rate of smart driving, and the smart driving industry chain is about to enter a golden period of development.

　　[car home Technology] powershift, in the impression of most people, is just equivalent to a swordsman with high kung fu in martial arts novels (such as seeking defeat alone? )-The evaluation we can give is: fast, fast, very fast. Moreover, this kind of transmission is direct enough and efficient enough, and it is like a master who never drags his feet … but why is it fast? Why is it efficient? What is its control principle? Is it really advanced? Want to know the answer? You don’t have to go to Baidu. car home has already opened powershift’s coat for you here-ladies and gentlemen, look for the answers you want in front of the naked transmission.

> > > Special note: 1. This paper only dissembles the DSG gearbox objectively, and does not comment on the phenomenon.

　　2. Regarding the topic of stability and fault that users are concerned about, we will explain it for you in the following follow-up articles. There is a notice at the end of the article. Please leave a message and participate in the discussion if you have any questions or faults about the dual clutch gearbox!

　　As usual, first of all, briefly introduce the protagonist of this "dedication": Volkswagen DQ200 dual-clutch gearbox-the first Volkswagen DSG gearbox made in China.

● Get familiar with DQ200 gearbox quickly? Manual gearbox? Dual clutch gearbox?

　　Before we begin, we need to form an awareness of the dual-clutch gearbox in our consciousness. If you still don’t know what the gearbox is and how the basic manual gearbox works, we have prepared the following aperitif wine for you, please taste it first.

　　After understanding the structure of the manual gearbox, it is much simpler for us to understand the dual-clutch gearbox. In principle, the dual-clutch gearbox is equivalent to the combination of two manual gearboxes, one controls the odd gear, the other controls the even gear, and the reverse gear is queued according to the situation (in the DQ200 7-speed dual-clutch gearbox, the reverse gear is regarded as a group with the even gear). Then, one set can be added to the combination of these two manual gearboxes. Hong Gong, a well-known Volkswagen engineer in the media circle, used "two manual boxes and one set of automatic dialing" to vividly compare the principle of dual-clutch gearbox. The following video will help you to understand our metaphor more intuitively, and also help you to face the various parts that will be disassembled from DQ200 more calmly.

"『DQ200 gearbox principle demonstration video-in order to save your time, it is suggested thatAfter 1 minute and 12 seconds,Start watching "

　　With regard to the origin and evolution history of the concept of "dual clutch", we also give it to you as an appetizer. Please click the link below to see the ups and downs of the dual clutch so far.

● Actual disassembly of DQ200 transmission: three modules-two "powerful" and one "calculated"

　　Metaphor is metaphor. When we really put DQ200 in front of you, you can’t really see a product that is directly combined with "two manual gearboxes and one controller". The previous section is only for everyone to understand the principle of dual-clutch gearbox.

　　Judging from the actual structure of the gearbox, the main number of members of DQ200 powershift is still "three" (of course not MT+MT+ controller …). These three modules have different division of labor, and two of them are only responsible for "hard work". They are dual clutch modules and gearbox parts, and all they have to do is to transmit power, commonly known as "force". The third part is the "source of wisdom" of the dual-clutch gearbox-the electromechanical control module, but in fact it is both mental and physical-it can be said that it is both a director and an actor. What are the specific tasks and characteristics of these three modules? We interpret it by disassembling it.

● Dual clutch module: I have a foreign ID card!

　　Let’s get to know the dual clutch module with German ID on DQ200. Since powershift took his last name, you can imagine how important this guy is.

"The dual clutch module is provided by the Luk brand of Schaeffler, Germany."

　　The dual clutch module is simply two sets of clutches+one shell. We call the clutch near one end of the engine K1 clutch, and the clutch behind it K2 clutch. The two sets of clutches K1 and K2 have their own independent driven parts (friction plate+driven plate+shock absorber+driven hub), pressing mechanism (diaphragm spring, pressure plate) and operating mechanism (only the operating arm is mentioned here).

　　The double clutch housing, the driving disc in the middle of the housing, and the butterfly diaphragm springs and pressure plates of K1 and K2 are all "best friends" of the engine, and there is no relative rotation between them. The double clutch housing is connected with the engine flywheel and rotates synchronously with the engine, and these components are called "driving parts".

　　The diaphragm spring and pressure plate which rotate together with the clutch housing play an important role. Under the lever action of the control arm, the sleeve is pressed to deform the diaphragm spring, and the resulting deformation pushes (or pulls) the pressure plate to press the friction plate. At this time, the driven plate and the aforementioned driving part become a whole. With the synchronous rotation of the engine, after the power is obtained from the clutch, the driven plate relies on the internal spline to transfer the power to the input shaft, and the power from the engine enters the gearbox.

● What you don’t know about DQ200(1)
-The working principle of the clutch is the same as that of the manual gearbox, but it works in the opposite way!

　　Speaking of butterfly diaphragm spring, I have to say that this DQ200 dry dual clutch is very interesting in control mode and principle. It is consistent with the familiar manual gearbox principle, which also relies on extrusion and friction to realize the continuous transmission of power, and also uses the lever principle to squeeze the sleeve to deform the diaphragm spring. However, the diaphragm spring works in the opposite way to the diaphragm spring in the manual transmission clutch (see the dynamic diagram above). In the single-chip clutch structure of manual transmission, when the diaphragm spring is squeezed, the clutch pressure plate will be released and the power transmission will be interrupted; In DQ200 gearbox, the function of diaphragm spring when it is squeezed is actually to press the clutch to turn on the power! To put it bluntly, the clutch of the manual gearbox is-You give an external force, it separates,The clutch of this DQ200 dual-clutch gearbox is just the opposite.You give an external force, it will engage!The "disengaging bearing" and "disengaging lever" in the traditional clutch should be renamed as "engaging" XX here. …

● Gear box: double MT combined body

　　After the power enters the gearbox from the input shaft, it will begin to travel between gears. The gear camp in the box is very easy to divide-like two sets of manual gearboxes-two input shafts and two output shafts, and then a set of parking locking mechanism and a differential to transmit power to the wheel axle are added. In this way, you will find that the dual-clutch gearbox is actually just a few more shafts than the traditional manual gearbox. As we have previewed before, the shifting principle of DQ200 and manual gearbox is completely consistent, and the shifting fork pushes the engaging gear sleeve to complete the combination or separation of gears (shifting gears).

　　The two input shafts are respectively connected with the K1 clutch and the K2 clutch, and the internal and external coupling mode is adopted. The first input shaft is equipped with a 1357th gear, and the second input shaft is equipped with a 246R gear. When the two clutches work alternately, the power can be connected between the odd gear and the even gear. Take a closer look at the input shaft, and you will find another interesting thing. On the first input shaft, the gears corresponding to the 1357th gear are independent, while the second input shaft corresponding to the 246R gear has only two gears. The 4th gear and the 6th gear share one input shaft gear, and the 2nd gear and the R gear (reverse gear) share one input shaft gear. Perhaps the purpose of this design is to ensure that the hollow second input shaft can have enough strength and ensure the gearbox.

● What you don’t know about DQ200 gearbox (2)
-What’s the difference between the "N" gear (neutral gear) of the dual clutch gearbox and the manual gearbox?

　　Many netizens want to know the difference between the "N" gear of the dual clutch gearbox and the neutral gear of the manual gearbox. Take the DQ200 gearbox we disassembled as an example. Its logic in the "N" gear is indeed different from the "neutral" of our usual manual gearbox. Simply put,The "neutral" of the dual clutch gearbox is equivalent to the state that the manual gearbox is "engaged in 1st gear and engaged"., so that the speed will be faster when the power is engaged. Moreover, in the D-range mode, when the brake is stepped on for a long time, the clutch will also be automatically disconnected, and the gear engaging sleeve is still engaged with the 1st gear.

　　In addition to various shafts and gears, the gearbox body also has a part that we can’t ignore-the parking control module, that is, the "P" gear control mechanism of our vehicle. The parking gear is integrated on the third output shaft, coaxial with the reverse gear, and it is the only gear with internal splines (synchronized with the output shaft).

　　The parking control mechanism is the only one physically connected with the gear lever on the DQ200 gearbox (all other controls are transmitted by electrical signals). When we put the gear lever into the "P" gear, the gear lever is controlled by the cable, and the connecting ball pin is pulled to make the pawl buckle the parking gear, thus locking the output shaft and achieving the purpose of parking locking.

● Electromechanical control module, with developed "six limbs" and not simple mind.

　　The hardest part of the three is naturally the electromechanical control module, which is "both output and calculation". This way of working is simply a typical "IT migrant worker".

　　From the structural point of view, its composition is not complicated. The sensor, arithmetic/control chip, hydraulic unit and actuator are just four pieces of content, which is also a simple number. The electromechanical control module relies on these components to complete the whole process of obtaining information-judgment/decision-making-execution. Among them, the hydraulic pump and pressure storage tank composed of gear pump are the source of all power for the electromechanical control module, and if human organs are used as an analogy, this is the heart.

　　We humans move through four limbs. The electromechanical control module of DQ200 has six limbs, which control the operating arms of K1 and K2 clutches respectively, and the other four limbs are used to control the shift fork. Four independent fork control levers control five forks (six gears and reverse gears are two forks sharing a fork control lever), and it is the existence of independent control levers that makes it possible to engage adjacent gears in advance.

　　The "brain" that gives action instructions to limbs is provided by Continental, Germany. This brain judges the driving state of the vehicle and the driver’s intention through the engine speed sensor, the output shaft speed sensor and the operation made by the driver on the gearbox control lever, and shares a series of information on the CANBUS bus, such as vehicle speed, wheel speed, accelerator pedal position, steering angle sensor, lateral acceleration sensor and so on, and makes a response. Sensors located at the fork and clutch actuator always remind the German brain of the clutch that the gearbox is currently working and the gear that is currently combined. At the same time, according to the oil temperature sensor and oil pressure sensor in the electromechanical control module, whether the working state of the gearbox is normal or not can be monitored in time. We can imagine that this information processing ability is hopeful to challenge the popular dual-core smart phone …

● What you don’t know about DQ200 gearbox (3)
-even without a double clutch, it can be fast!

　　The reason why the dual clutch gearbox is fast enough is not only because it is as simple as a "dual clutch module", but also largely due to its independent shift control lever. Do you know what "independence" means? This means that even if there is no double clutch, since DQ200 adopts the design that the interval gears share a joint sleeve (as mentioned above), the joint sleeves of adjacent gears can operate independently, and theoretically, "the joint sleeves of one gear can be disengaged while the joint sleeves of adjacent gears are engaged!" Do you know what is the core system of Lamborghini’s ISR gearbox (the gearbox with a shift time of 50 milliseconds)? In fact, it is a number of forks that can be controlled independently!

"The reason why Lamborghini’s ISR gearbox dares to challenge the serial gearboxes of the previous supercars.
It is also because it adopts an independently controlled shift fork.

　　(This paragraph is purely for discussion, and fans are welcome to speak enthusiastically.) The effect of this independent control is more flexible than that of the mechanical multi-fork synchronous action mode relying on the "shift drum" of the sequential gearbox, especially in the case of "trip stop" (except for odd-numbered trip stop …), while the shift drum mechanism can quickly switch between adjacent gears by relying on the servo motor with quick response, but when multiple gears are shifted up or down (for example,

● DQ200(4 you don’t know (4)
-the gearbox needs to use two kinds of oil at the same time!

　　Most automatic gearboxes and even dual-clutch gearboxes only use one kind of oil, which not only needs to realize the functions of lubrication, heat dissipation and torque transmission, but also needs to provide the hydraulic pressure required by hydraulic control components. DQ200 dual-clutch gearbox adopts independent dual-oil circuit design, and different oils are applied in the two oil circuits. In the gearbox, the gear oil of model G052171 is used, which is consistent with the gear oil used in the domestic Volkswagen MQ250 manual gearbox, while the hydraulic oil of model G004000 is used in the electromechanical control module. The two oils can better play their own functions in their independent oil circuit circulation, so that the gearbox has better low-temperature working characteristics.

　　Moreover, the total oil consumption of DQ200 is only 2.7L (1.7L of gear oil and 1L of hydraulic oil), which is nearly half of that of traditional automatic gearbox and wet dual-clutch gearbox. Needless to say, DQ200 is a maintenance-free design, even if it needs maintenance later, it has obvious advantages in cost. (It is said that the oil consumption of DQ250 wet dual clutch gearbox is more than 6L, and the total oil consumption of DQ200 is less than half.)

● DQ200(5 you don’t know (5)
-What’s the difference between DQ200 (7-speed dry dual clutch) and DQ250(6-speed wet dual clutch)?

　　I believe everyone knows the most obvious difference between DQ200 and DQ250, that is, the difference between "wet and dry" clutches. DQ250 uses a wet clutch, and the control method of the clutch is completely different. DQ200 relies on hydraulic pressure to push the control arm and presses the clutch plate by the diaphragm spring, while the clutch engagement of DQ250 is completely controlled by hydraulic pressure. DQ250 designed with a wet clutch uses a single oil, because of its large consumption. Therefore, the oil tank is designed, and it has pressure oil filter, oil cooler and oil pump driven by crankshaft power, which DQ200 does not have.

　　In addition, due to the different number of forward gears, the 7-speed DQ200 has three output shafts, the reverse gear and the parking gear alone occupy one output shaft, while the DQ250 has only two, and the parking gear of DQ250 is integrated on the differential.

Summary:

　　After reading the disassembly article of DQ200, I believe everyone has a deeper understanding and cognition of this 7-speed dry dual-clutch gearbox.Personally, the dual clutch gearbox is not complicated in principle or structure, and the structure based on manual gearbox is the fundamental reason for its high transmission efficiency and low fuel consumption.The design idea of DQ200 dual oil circuit and dual oil is one of its highlights. The two independent oils have more advantages in functional adaptability, and the total oil consumption of 2.7L is also a figure worth showing off.

　　Of course, all advanced and fresh technologies always need to face people’s doubts and challenges, and our users still have various questions about "dual clutch". In the next article, we will answer the hot issues of gearbox reliability, price, maintenance and so on that are concerned by the majority of riders, and present more "DQ200 dual clutch gearbox you don’t know" for you. Please pay attention to our later content! (Text/car home Fan Xintu/car home Liu Wei Liu Yuhui)

Extended reading:

● Automobile technology is difficult to understand? Car design is too far away? Who said that? These contents can also be very interesting!

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